unit 2 test

Question 1

• groups of traders traveling together
• it was safer to travel with others than alone
• made travel safer and more practical
• a cause for expansion of exchange networks (improvement of transport)

Answer 1

caravan

Question 2

• inns set 100 miles apart or the distance a camel could walk before needing water
• oases on the silk road where travelers could rest their animals and sometimes trade them

Answer 2

caravanserai

Question 3

• a commercial alliance formed by cities in northern germany and scandinavia in the 12th century
• protected merchants from northern europe
• controlled trade (were able to drive out pirates and monopolize trade in goods like timber, grain, leather, and salted fish)

Answer 3

hanseatic league

Question 4

• a diverse and innovative empire that gave china wealth, political stability, and artistic/intellectual achievement
• had imperial bureaucracy, civil service exams, meritocracy, and neo-confucianism
• was defeated by kublai khan and the yuan dynasty

Answer 4

song dynasty

Question 5

• established by kublai khan
• had religious tolerance
• people were loyal because of reforms and protection from the mongol empire
• was prosperous
• defeated the song dynasty in 1235 and ruled in china for nearly 40 years

Answer 5

yuan dynasty

Question 6

• a buddhist monk from a poor peasant family led a revolt that overthrew the yuan dynasty and founded the ming dynasty (zhu yuanzhang)
• zheng he went on seven voyages to represent the ming dynasty
• this displayed the wealth and power of the dynasty

Answer 6

ming dynasty

Question 7

• alternating wind currents that blew from the southwest in the summer/spring and from the northeast in the winter
• facilitated trade
• allowed for faster travel
• knowledge of them were essential for trading in the indian ocean
• merchants had to time their voyages depending on when favorable winds would come their way

Answer 7

monsoon winds

Question 8

• lateen sails (shape could easily catch winds)
• stern rudder (gave ships more stability and made them easier to maneuver)
• astrolabe (allowed sailors to determine how far north or south they were from the equator)
• magnetic compass (helped aid navigation)
• junk boat (boat that could withstand rough voyages)
• camel saddle (increased the weight of the load that could be carried)
• caravans (made travel safer)

Answer 8

inventions that helped trade (silk roads and indian ocean)

Question 9

• grew as merchants would stop along the coast
• their wealth increased through trade and taxes
• was an effect of expanded indian ocean trade
• off the east coast of africa
• active in trade
• thriving city-states
• sold ivory, gold, slaves, and exotic goods

Answer 9

swahili city states

Question 10

• after the fall of ghana, mali became one of the most prosperous kingdoms in african history
• capital was timbuktu
• mansa musa built mosques and schools in mali (spread islam and education)
• the government profited from the gold trade and taxed nearly all other trade
• most residents were farmers who cultivated sorghum/rice

Answer 10

mali

Question 11

• an effect of expanded indian ocean trade
• diasporic: a group migration of people that have moved from their homeland
• merchants interacted from different places, this led to marriage between merchants and locals
• created new communities and helped blend cultures

Answer 11

diasporic communities

Question 12

• a muslim scholar from morroco that traveled through central asia, southeast asia, south asia, china, spain, north africa, and mali (mostly muslim lands)
• dictated an account of the cities he had seen, interesting events, rulers of countries that he met, and philosophers
• a devoted muslim
• his journey was to also learn as much as he could about islam, its people, and accomplishments
• he set off to see the world he read about

Answer 12

ibn battuta

Question 13

• the mongols were a factor that expanded trade on the silk road
• they promoted trade along the silk roads, creating a vast commercial network across eurasia
• was the most significant impact
• the silk road became a unified system under control of an authority that respected merchants and enforced laws
• they improved roads/punished bandits: made roads safer and more efficient

Answer 13

mongols impact on the silk road

Question 14

• a period of mongolian peace
• there was religious tolerance, liberal social practices, and a blending of cultures
• mongol army protected silk roads, made them safer for trade and got them a golden age
• mongols were responsible for creating many connections across europe, asia, and africa
• trying to unify the empire, genghis khan adapted the uyghur alphabet that is still used in mongolia today

Answer 14

pax mongolia significance

Question 15

• at first most chinese enjoyed the mongol rule in china (brought prosperity)
• mongol leaders eventually alienated many chinese
• many anti-chinese policies were put in place, outlaw marriage between chinese and mongols, attempted to rid their empire of chinese influence, no chinese could serve in government and ended the confucian education system/civil service exam
• chinese wanted to overthrow them

Answer 15

reaction to mongol rule in china

Question 16

• russia adopted orthodox christianity and maintained close cultural relationships with byzantium
• they were not close with roman catholic europe
• the mongols overtook them
• they developed even more separately from the rest of europe

Answer 16

russia’s relationship with the rest of europe

Question 17

• the mongols overtook them so they developed separately from the rest of europe
• this conquering forced russia to realize they needed a strong, unified government
• nobles grew wealthy under mongol rule because they collected taxes (began to resist)
• the rulers of moscow collect additional tributes to help develop an army to resist the mongols
• the mongols have a long-lasting impact on russia
• they suffered widespread devastation/death, this made them realize they needed better military organization and centralized leadership

Answer 17

russia’s relationship with the mongols

Question 18

• driving the growth of trade on the silk roads was a growing demand for luxury goods in europe and africa (silk/porcelain from china and gold from africa)
• chinese, persian and indian artisans/merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelain for export
• these things were all an effect of the silk road and caused growth of trade on the silk road

Answer 18

supply and demand influence on silk road

Question 19

• islam expanded indian ocean trade by connecting more cities than ever before
• many islamic people were dominant seafarers and were instrumental in transporting goods to port cities
• many cities on the coast became thriving center of trade because merchants would interact there
• the spread of islam is one of the causes of expanded exchange in the indian ocean
• a single religion unified multiple regions as merchants and other travelers moved from place to place, introducing religious beliefs such as islam
• cities and oases along the silk road like kashgar/samarkand became centers of islamic scholarship and learning
• these places were effects of the growth of the silk road

Answer 19

islam influence on silk road and indian ocean trade

Question 20

• mansa musa is arguably the richest man in all of history
• he was better known for his religious leadership
• as a Muslim he went on a pilgrimage to mecca, displaying his wealth and power
• mali’s riches let him take an extravagant caravan with him (displaying mali’s wealth)
• after the pilgrimage he built mosques and schools in mali and beyond (spreading islam and education)

Answer 20

mansa musa significance

Question 21

• trade (silk road) and mongol conquests spread diseases
• the black death spread across europe from southern china and central asia by way of trading routes
• a major epidemic broke out, an estimated 1/3 of europe’s population died
• drastically reduced populations declined economic activity in europe
• a shortage of people to work on the land declined agricultural production
• eventually led to the decline of feudalism
• a person’s labor became more valuable so workers could demand higher wages

Answer 21

impacts and effects of bubonic plague in europe

Question 22

• western europeans opened up to global trade thus opening up to disease
• the black plague spread by trading routes (silk road) and mongol conquest
• fleas carried the plague and both of these things transmitted fleas

Answer 22

how bubonic plague spread

Question 23

• trade increased on the silk road and the indian ocean due to improved commercial practices
• this led to a population growth
• cities also cities were believed to hold more opportunities for jobs

Answer 23

why population of cities grew in the time period

Question 24

• many rivers and lakes in europe froze over
• conditions of the little ice age led to widespread crop failure, famine, and population decline
• this also increase levels of social unrest because large portions of the population reduced to starvation and poverty
• decrease in agricultural products

Answer 24

little ice age effect on europe

Question 25

• the little ice age helped spread the bubonic plague
• starvation and malnutrition from the little Ice age made it easier for the black death to spread and kill masses of people

Answer 25

little ice age effect on bubonic plague

Question 26

• new crops got introduced to places where they had not grown before by merchants
• in some areas people found ways to to sustain an abundant population
• agricultural products like champa rice, bananas, and sugar/citrus crops spread and led to population growth

Answer 26

positive environmental effects of trade

Question 27

• increases in population from a variety of sources like new crops/agricultural productivity put pressure on resources
• this led to overgrazing, deforestation, and soil - all of which reduced agricultural production

Answer 27

negative environmental effects of trade