unit 2 quiz Flashcards
-crusades
-mongols
-technological improvements
what caused the growth of exchange networks between 1200 and 1450?
-growth of cities/oases
-commercial innovations (flying cash/banking houses)
-increase in demand for luxury goods
growth of exchange networks effects on the world
-crusaders brought back fabrics/spices from the middle east
-new goods/products increased demand for foreign goods in european markets
growth of exchange networks: crusades
-had the most significant impact
-most of silk road was under authority that respected merchants/enforced laws
-conquered abbasid caliphate
-made roads safer/more efficient (improved roads and punished bandits)
-merchants were widely respected
growth of exchange networks: mongols
safer to travel with others than alone
caravan impact
increased the weight of the load that could be carried
camel saddle impact
improved rudder and junk boat
magnetic compass impact
allowed for the establishment of banking houses where merchants could make deposits and got bills of exchange; became the basis of modern banking
chinese paper money and flying cash impact
protected merchants from northern europe
hanseatic league impact
-increased trade increased the demand from afro-eurasia, china, persia, and india
-craft workers increased their production of goods
luxury goods
refuges along trade routes that acted as trading centers; were made because the silk road passed through inhospitable terrain; ex: kashgar and samarkand
oases/cities
inns set 100 miles apart or the distance a camel could walk before needing water
caravanserai
nomadic people from central asia that highly valued courage, horsemanship, and hunting; were multiple clans of pastoral nomads
who were the mongols?
“temujin”, rose to become leader of the mongolian kingdom (tribal alliance known as khanate), people were loyal to him, was ruthless but practiced tolerance/liberal social policies
genghis khan
set up three of his grandsons with thier own khanates, this further expanded the mongolian empire into asis/europe, they easily absorbed people/trade routes into their society/economy
after genghis khan died
-was the largest land empire in history
-unified trade, had religious tolerance, liberal social practices, and blending of cultures under the pax mongolica
-were responsible for creating many connections across europe, asia, and africa
increased cultural trade/exchange
-mongol conquest helped spread the bubonic plague
mongolian kingdom
-mongols were required to have military service/military officials who were chosen based on skill/loyalty
-loyalty only to the khan
-skilled horse riders, deadly with the bow (nomadic)
-incorporated military strategy (theirs and other people’s) and weapons
mongols strategy
conquered modern russia, the russians realized they needed a strong/united government
batu and the golden horde
marched troops into baghdad and abbasid territories
hulgeu and the il-khanate
defeated the song dynasty (1235) and ruled in china for about 40 years
kublai khan and the yuan dynasty
understanding of centralized power, incorporated conquered people’s culture/warfare/inventions, used a single international law
what led to the mongol’s success?
-persians were allowed to serve in government positions
-initially tolerated all religions
-once il-khanate converted to islam, they supported massacres of jews/christians
mongol politics - persia
-anti chinese policies were put in place
-outlawed marriage between chinese/mongols
-attempted to rid empire of chinese influence
-no chinese could serve in government
-ended confucian education system/civil service exam
-chinese wanted to overthrow them
mongol politics - china
-needed to trade for militaries, offered protection along trade routes (silk road)
-merchants had a higher social status in mongol empire
-offered tax exemption to merchants and low interest rate to borrowers
-created merchants organizations (or togh)
mongols and trade
-no formal transition of power after genghis khan
-successors fought
-rulers has extensive spending
-territories were eventually reconquered
mongol decline
-spread of islam (unified multiple regions
-increase demand for new/specialized products
-slave trade in indian ocean
-environmental knowledge (monsoons winds = faster travel)
-advances in maritime technology (ex: lateen sails)
-growth of states
-state support
causes of expanded indian ocean trade
indonesia/malaysia
spice islands (traded spices)
-diasporic communities
-response to increased demand
-more efficient trade practices
-swahili city states (east coast of africa)
-significant cultural transfers
effects of expanded indian ocean trade
group migration of a group that has moved from their homeland, merchants interacting, marriage between merchants/locals creates new communities and helps blend cultures
diasporic communities
seven voyages, represented the ming dynasty in the indian ocean, was a display of wealth and power, fleet of 300 ships (28,000 people), came to an end because zhu gaozhi discouraged (voyages contradicted confucianism)
zheng he’s voyages
porcelain/fine china and silk
china’s goods
-new states promoted trade (muslim rule connected trade routes)
-camels were adapted to desert climate
-camel saddles made riding on long trips easier
-trade caravans made trade safer/more goods could be moved
-more travelers began to move along routes/spread knowledge
causes of expanded sub saharan trade routes
-rise of mali (one of the most prosperous kingdoms in african history); timbuktu
-mansa musa built mosques/schools: spread islam and education
-once currency to establish a widely understood value
-gold most prestigious commodity trend
-west african empire expansion: mali/timbuktu
-expanding role of states: trade and wealth were expanding so someone needed to administer/maintain it
effects of expanded sub-saharan trade
-richest man in all of history
-converted to islam
-lead a mass pilgrimage to mecca
-displayed wealth and power
-built mosques/schools in mali and beyond
-spread islam and education
mansa musa
