unit 1 test Flashcards
bureaucracy
an organization where appointed officials carried out the empire’s policies/made decisions (grew in song dynasty)
meritocracy
officials were selected for the bureaucracy based on their abilities/merit on exams (not wealth)
peasants
the lower class of chinese society, they worked in agriculture (for landowners), usually to pay off debts
east asia religions
the main religions in east asia were confucianism and buddhism
scholar gentry
influential civilians who passed the civil service exam, they were educated in chinese philosophy
filial piety
respecting, obeying, and caring for your elders/ancestors, you had to deffer to the male head of house
climate of toleration
christians, jews, and muslims coexisting peacefully, this was made by rulers in corodoba
people of the book
jews and christians (muslims accept the teachings of the torah and bible, but believe jews and christians have strayed from god’s true faith
battle of tours
the islamic defeat by frankish forces that marked the limit of rapid islamic expansion into western europe, most of the continent stayed christian, but muslim ruled spain for the next 7 centuries
slavery in islamic empires
slavery was allowed, but muslims couldn’t enslave other muslims (or jews, christians, zoroastrians), slaves were often imported but set free after they converted
mongols
the most famous conquerors in history from central asia. they conquered the remaining abbasid empire and ended seljuk rule (they were stopped by the mamluks)
seljuk turks
muslims from central asia they conquered in the middle east. they eventually had power as far western as china (leader was sultan)
crusaders
organized groups of european christian soldiers that tried to regain access to their holy site
chola dynasty
reigned over southern india for more than 400 years
vijayanagara empire
means “victorious city”, was a prosperous civilization that got overthrown by a group of muslim kingdoms
jizya
a tax on non-muslim subjects in the delhi sultanate empire
hinduism
polytheistic, art/pictures of deities, caste system, several sacred texts
islam
monotheistic, no visual representation of allah, equality of all believers, one sacred text
spread of islam in india
low caste hindus that wanted to improve their social status would convert, buddhism was disorganized due to corruption/raids so some people converted
value in controlling southeast asia
trade routes - whoever controlled this region could influence valuable trade between south and east asia
mississippian civilization decline
people abandoned large mississippian cities because of flooding/weather extremes that caused crop failure (couldn’t sustain a large population) and disease
aztecs government
they were a theocracy - ruled by religious leaders
aztecs decline
low level of technology (lack of wheeled vehicles/pack animals) made agriculture hard/inefficient. over expansion because of military victory that couldn’t be governed. resentment from conquered states because of tribute/human sacrifice
mayan wars
wars/warfare were important to the mayans to fight for tribute and get captures for human sacrifice
inca mita system
mandatory public service instead of a tribute system when they conquered
incan religion
worshipped inti (sun god), they honored the sun and worshiped royal ancestors (the temple of the sun was the center of these elements), their religion included animism
incan fall
disease from europeans, and a civil war made them vulnerable to spanish conquerors
kin based network
families governed themselves in groups of villages (districts) and male head chiefs governed
trans-saharan trade network
a network of trading across the great desert (sahara)
mali
a trading society that replaced ghana after it was weakened by wars, the muslim founder (sundiata) cultivated a thriving gold trade
zimbabwe
one of the most powerful east african kingdoms with gold trades, agriculture, and stone dwellings
great zimbabwe
a massive stone wall that surrounded the capital city, it was used for defense
women’s roles in africa
engaged in agriculture and food gathering, were responsible for domestic chores and raising kids
zanj rebellion
a series of revolts by zanjs (enslaved laborers) and many arab workers. they held the city of basra for 10 years before defeat
slavery in africa
chattel (property and had no rights), domestic (household workers with few rights), debt bondage (slaves because they owed debt and had some rights)
feudalism
a decentralized political organization that was a system of land exchanges for loyalty
manorial system
large fiefs/estates that provided self-sufficiency/defense. grounds were small villages with a church, blacksmith, mill, and wine press, this limited the need to leave
three field system
crops rotated through 3 fields, one has wheat/rye (food), one had legumes (made fertile soil), and one was empty
magna carta
a document that made the king respect certain rights and limited his power
magna carta year
1215
chivalry
an unwritten set of rules for conduct of knights (honor, courtesy, and bravery)
norman conquest
a military conquest of england by a norman king (william the conqueror), this gave him kingdoms on both sides of the english channel
norman conquest year
1066
great schism
when the christian church in europe divided into two branches: the roman catholic church and the orthodox church
crusades
a series of military campaigns by europeans to try to reclaim their holy land
crusades cause
wanting to reclaim control of the holy land, diverting the ambitions of restless nobles/peasants, and wanting unrestricted access to trade routes
first crusade
the only clear victory, the european army conquered jerusalem (later muslim forces regain control)
crusades cultural exchange
trade increased as europeans traveled. as trade grew, people influenced one another, bringing new cultural elements other places
renaissance
a period characterized by the revival of interest in classical literature, art, and culture
humanism
a characteristic of the renaissance that focuses on individuals rather than god
little ice age
a five century cooling of climate that hampered urban growth, reduced agricultural productivity, increased disease, and increased crime rate
