unit 1 test

Question 1

bureaucracy

Answer 1

an organization where appointed officials carried out the empire’s policies/made decisions (grew in song dynasty)

Question 2

meritocracy

Answer 2

officials were selected for the bureaucracy based on their abilities/merit on exams (not wealth)

Question 3

peasants

Answer 3

the lower class of chinese society, they worked in agriculture (for landowners), usually to pay off debts

Question 4

east asia religions

Answer 4

the main religions in east asia were confucianism and buddhism

Question 5

scholar gentry

Answer 5

influential civilians who passed the civil service exam, they were educated in chinese philosophy

Question 6

filial piety

Answer 6

respecting, obeying, and caring for your elders/ancestors, you had to deffer to the male head of house

Question 7

climate of toleration

Answer 7

christians, jews, and muslims coexisting peacefully, this was made by rulers in corodoba

Question 8

people of the book

Answer 8

jews and christians (muslims accept the teachings of the torah and bible, but believe jews and christians have strayed from god’s true faith

Question 9

battle of tours

Answer 9

the islamic defeat by frankish forces that marked the limit of rapid islamic expansion into western europe, most of the continent stayed christian, but muslim ruled spain for the next 7 centuries

Question 10

slavery in islamic empires

Answer 10

slavery was allowed, but muslims couldn’t enslave other muslims (or jews, christians, zoroastrians), slaves were often imported but set free after they converted

Question 11

mongols

Answer 11

the most famous conquerors in history from central asia. they conquered the remaining abbasid empire and ended seljuk rule (they were stopped by the mamluks)

Question 12

seljuk turks

Answer 12

muslims from central asia they conquered in the middle east. they eventually had power as far western as china (leader was sultan)

Question 13

crusaders

Answer 13

organized groups of european christian soldiers that tried to regain access to their holy site

Question 14

chola dynasty

Answer 14

reigned over southern india for more than 400 years

Question 15

vijayanagara empire

Answer 15

means “victorious city”, was a prosperous civilization that got overthrown by a group of muslim kingdoms

Question 16

jizya

Answer 16

a tax on non-muslim subjects in the delhi sultanate empire

Question 17

hinduism

Answer 17

polytheistic, art/pictures of deities, caste system, several sacred texts

Question 18

islam

Answer 18

monotheistic, no visual representation of allah, equality of all believers, one sacred text

Question 19

spread of islam in india

Answer 19

low caste hindus that wanted to improve their social status would convert, buddhism was disorganized due to corruption/raids so some people converted

Question 20

value in controlling southeast asia

Answer 20

trade routes - whoever controlled this region could influence valuable trade between south and east asia

Question 21

mississippian civilization decline

Answer 21

people abandoned large mississippian cities because of flooding/weather extremes that caused crop failure (couldn’t sustain a large population) and disease

Question 22

aztecs government

Answer 22

they were a theocracy - ruled by religious leaders

Question 23

aztecs decline

Answer 23

low level of technology (lack of wheeled vehicles/pack animals) made agriculture hard/inefficient. over expansion because of military victory that couldn’t be governed. resentment from conquered states because of tribute/human sacrifice

Question 24

mayan wars

Answer 24

wars/warfare were important to the mayans to fight for tribute and get captures for human sacrifice

Question 25

inca mita system

Answer 25

mandatory public service instead of a tribute system when they conquered

Question 26

incan religion

Answer 26

worshipped inti (sun god), they honored the sun and worshiped royal ancestors (the temple of the sun was the center of these elements), their religion included animism

Question 27

incan fall

Answer 27

disease from europeans, and a civil war made them vulnerable to spanish conquerors

Question 28

kin based network

Answer 28

families governed themselves in groups of villages (districts) and male head chiefs governed

Question 29

trans-saharan trade network

Answer 29

a network of trading across the great desert (sahara)

Question 30

mali

Answer 30

a trading society that replaced ghana after it was weakened by wars, the muslim founder (sundiata) cultivated a thriving gold trade

Question 31

zimbabwe

Answer 31

one of the most powerful east african kingdoms with gold trades, agriculture, and stone dwellings

Question 32

great zimbabwe

Answer 32

a massive stone wall that surrounded the capital city, it was used for defense

Question 33

women's roles in africa

Answer 33

engaged in agriculture and food gathering, were responsible for domestic chores and raising kids

Question 34

zanj rebellion

Answer 34

a series of revolts by zanjs (enslaved laborers) and many arab workers. they held the city of basra for 10 years before defeat

Question 35

slavery in africa

Answer 35

chattel (property and had no rights), domestic (household workers with few rights), debt bondage (slaves because they owed debt and had some rights)

Question 36

feudalism

Answer 36

a decentralized political organization that was a system of land exchanges for loyalty

Question 37

manorial system

Answer 37

large fiefs/estates that provided self-sufficiency/defense. grounds were small villages with a church, blacksmith, mill, and wine press, this limited the need to leave

Question 38

three field system

Answer 38

crops rotated through 3 fields, one has wheat/rye (food), one had legumes (made fertile soil), and one was empty

Question 39

magna carta

Answer 39

a document that made the king respect certain rights and limited his power

Question 40

magna carta year

Answer 40

1215

Question 41

chivalry

Answer 41

an unwritten set of rules for conduct of knights (honor, courtesy, and bravery)

Question 42

norman conquest

Answer 42

a military conquest of england by a norman king (william the conqueror), this gave him kingdoms on both sides of the english channel

Question 43

norman conquest year

Answer 43

1066

Question 44

great schism

Answer 44

when the christian church in europe divided into two branches: the roman catholic church and the orthodox church

Question 45

crusades

Answer 45

a series of military campaigns by europeans to try to reclaim their holy land

Question 46

crusades cause

Answer 46

wanting to reclaim control of the holy land, diverting the ambitions of restless nobles/peasants, and wanting unrestricted access to trade routes

Question 47

first crusade

Answer 47

the only clear victory, the european army conquered jerusalem (later muslim forces regain control)

Question 48

crusades cultural exchange

Answer 48

trade increased as europeans traveled. as trade grew, people influenced one another, bringing new cultural elements other places

Question 49

renaissance

Answer 49

a period characterized by the revival of interest in classical literature, art, and culture

Question 50

humanism

Answer 50

a characteristic of the renaissance that focuses on individuals rather than god

Question 51

little ice age

Answer 51

a five century cooling of climate that hampered urban growth, reduced agricultural productivity, increased disease, and increased crime rate