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world history > unit 1 test > Flashcards

unit 1 test Flashcards

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1
Q

bureaucracy

A

an organization where appointed officials carried out the empire’s policies/made decisions (grew in song dynasty)

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2
Q

meritocracy

A

officials were selected for the bureaucracy based on their abilities/merit on exams (not wealth)

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3
Q

peasants

A

the lower class of chinese society, they worked in agriculture (for landowners), usually to pay off debts

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4
Q

east asia religions

A

the main religions in east asia were confucianism and buddhism

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5
Q

scholar gentry

A

influential civilians who passed the civil service exam, they were educated in chinese philosophy

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6
Q

filial piety

A

respecting, obeying, and caring for your elders/ancestors, you had to deffer to the male head of house

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7
Q

climate of toleration

A

christians, jews, and muslims coexisting peacefully, this was made by rulers in corodoba

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8
Q

people of the book

A

jews and christians (muslims accept the teachings of the torah and bible, but believe jews and christians have strayed from god’s true faith

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9
Q

battle of tours

A

the islamic defeat by frankish forces that marked the limit of rapid islamic expansion into western europe, most of the continent stayed christian, but muslim ruled spain for the next 7 centuries

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10
Q

slavery in islamic empires

A

slavery was allowed, but muslims couldn’t enslave other muslims (or jews, christians, zoroastrians), slaves were often imported but set free after they converted

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11
Q

mongols

A

the most famous conquerors in history from central asia. they conquered the remaining abbasid empire and ended seljuk rule (they were stopped by the mamluks)

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12
Q

seljuk turks

A

muslims from central asia they conquered in the middle east. they eventually had power as far western as china (leader was sultan)

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13
Q

crusaders

A

organized groups of european christian soldiers that tried to regain access to their holy site

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14
Q

chola dynasty

A

reigned over southern india for more than 400 years

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15
Q

vijayanagara empire

A

means “victorious city”, was a prosperous civilization that got overthrown by a group of muslim kingdoms

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16
Q

jizya

A

a tax on non-muslim subjects in the delhi sultanate empire

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17
Q

hinduism

A

polytheistic, art/pictures of deities, caste system, several sacred texts

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18
Q

islam

A

monotheistic, no visual representation of allah, equality of all believers, one sacred text

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19
Q

spread of islam in india

A

low caste hindus that wanted to improve their social status would convert, buddhism was disorganized due to corruption/raids so some people converted

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20
Q

value in controlling southeast asia

A

trade routes - whoever controlled this region could influence valuable trade between south and east asia

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21
Q

mississippian civilization decline

A

people abandoned large mississippian cities because of flooding/weather extremes that caused crop failure (couldn’t sustain a large population) and disease

22
Q

aztecs government

A

they were a theocracy - ruled by religious leaders

23
Q

aztecs decline

A

low level of technology (lack of wheeled vehicles/pack animals) made agriculture hard/inefficient. over expansion because of military victory that couldn’t be governed. resentment from conquered states because of tribute/human sacrifice

24
Q

mayan wars

A

wars/warfare were important to the mayans to fight for tribute and get captures for human sacrifice

25
Q

inca mita system

A

mandatory public service instead of a tribute system when they conquered

26
Q

incan religion

A

worshipped inti (sun god), they honored the sun and worshiped royal ancestors (the temple of the sun was the center of these elements), their religion included animism

27
Q

incan fall

A

disease from europeans, and a civil war made them vulnerable to spanish conquerors

28
Q

kin based network

A

families governed themselves in groups of villages (districts) and male head chiefs governed

29
Q

trans-saharan trade network

A

a network of trading across the great desert (sahara)

30
Q

mali

A

a trading society that replaced ghana after it was weakened by wars, the muslim founder (sundiata) cultivated a thriving gold trade

31
Q

zimbabwe

A

one of the most powerful east african kingdoms with gold trades, agriculture, and stone dwellings

32
Q

great zimbabwe

A

a massive stone wall that surrounded the capital city, it was used for defense

33
Q

women’s roles in africa

A

engaged in agriculture and food gathering, were responsible for domestic chores and raising kids

34
Q

zanj rebellion

A

a series of revolts by zanjs (enslaved laborers) and many arab workers. they held the city of basra for 10 years before defeat

35
Q

slavery in africa

A

chattel (property and had no rights), domestic (household workers with few rights), debt bondage (slaves because they owed debt and had some rights)

36
Q

feudalism

A

a decentralized political organization that was a system of land exchanges for loyalty

37
Q

manorial system

A

large fiefs/estates that provided self-sufficiency/defense. grounds were small villages with a church, blacksmith, mill, and wine press, this limited the need to leave

38
Q

three field system

A

crops rotated through 3 fields, one has wheat/rye (food), one had legumes (made fertile soil), and one was empty

39
Q

magna carta

A

a document that made the king respect certain rights and limited his power

40
Q

magna carta year

A

1215

41
Q

chivalry

A

an unwritten set of rules for conduct of knights (honor, courtesy, and bravery)

42
Q

norman conquest

A

a military conquest of england by a norman king (william the conqueror), this gave him kingdoms on both sides of the english channel

43
Q

norman conquest year

A

1066

44
Q

great schism

A

when the christian church in europe divided into two branches: the roman catholic church and the orthodox church

45
Q

crusades

A

a series of military campaigns by europeans to try to reclaim their holy land

46
Q

crusades cause

A

wanting to reclaim control of the holy land, diverting the ambitions of restless nobles/peasants, and wanting unrestricted access to trade routes

47
Q

first crusade

A

the only clear victory, the european army conquered jerusalem (later muslim forces regain control)

48
Q

crusades cultural exchange

A

trade increased as europeans traveled. as trade grew, people influenced one another, bringing new cultural elements other places

49
Q

renaissance

A

a period characterized by the revival of interest in classical literature, art, and culture

50
Q

humanism

A

a characteristic of the renaissance that focuses on individuals rather than god

51
Q

little ice age

A

a five century cooling of climate that hampered urban growth, reduced agricultural productivity, increased disease, and increased crime rate

world history (7 decks)

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