Unit 2 Test Flashcards
second industrial revolution
1850 - 1945
mass production
it enabled workers to produce more goods per day at a lower price.
assembly line
created by Eli Whitney, a way to produce more goods per day at a lower cost
Alexander Graham Bell
In 1876, Bell made the industry more efficient and competitive (go back to notes)
Bessemer Process
idk, its in my textbook (less expensive steel process that Andrew Carnegie brought to US?)
Orville and Wilbur Wright
In 1903 they had the first airplane flight, it was 12 seconds. the plane was industrialized in the 1920s for the postal service
Henry Ford
model t
- automobile
- made by Henry Ford in 1908
- Ford motor company
- 15 million made
- used assembly line style
- after assembly line
- Price went down - affordable - used to be diff colors
- changed during mass production - diff types of automobiles
-5 seat touring car
-7 seat town car
- 2 seat runabout - Orig. model
- 22- horsepower
- Four cyl. Engine
- Weighed 1,200 lbs
- 10 gal fuel tank
- Top speed
- 35-40 mph
Thomas Edison
1876 - he made the ‘invention factory’
invented lightbulb, phonograph, motion picture projector, etc
by 1900, Edison had made electricity (electric power) normal.
Gilded Age
Mark Twain gave the name gilded age to 1860-1892 because of the extreme amt of wealth in the US
robber barons
term given to wealthy business owners who use unethical means to make money and get power
(negative connotations)
ex: john d rockefeller, andrew carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
iron was primarily used, but steel was stronger than iron. steel was difficult and costly to make. Carnegie brought the Bessemer Process to the US, which was a less expensive way of making steel.
Carnegie then bought all the other steel companies and became Carnegie Steel Co.
John D. Rockefeller
introduced ‘trust’ (more followed, railroads, meatpacking, whiskey)
- bought every step in oil business
- Standard Oil Trust - monopoly
John Rockefeller called ‘robber baron’
Cornelius Vanderbilt
the vanderbuilts were a wealthy family during the gilded age
monopoly
a company that controls all production and sales of a service
Coney Island
- Peninsula in south Brooklyn, NYC
- Beach on Atlantic Ocean - 1829 - transformation begins
- Shell Rd. & first hotel built - 1870s - ships brought people to island for 50 cents
- 1875 - Prospect Park & Coney Isl. RR built
- 1920s
- Subways brought millions of people → beaches
- rides, restaurants, souvenirs
- Declined after WWII
- 21st century - rebuilt
- 2010 - Luna Park reopened
- 2011 - Scream Zone built
- Designed for 15-30 year olds
- Parts of it were more towards adults
- Meant to get away from life for a little bit
- Still functioning today
- Pleasure activities
- Amusement parks
Chicago World’s Fair
Fairs
- Popular late 19th + Early 20s
- Manufacturers
- World’s Columbian Exposition
- aka : Chicago World’s Fair
- Jackson Park, Chicago IL
- May 1 - Oct 31, 1893
Positive impact on society
Adults + Kids
- Large in size
- 14 main buildings
- 200+ additional buildings
- Aka “White City”
- All build. pt. White
Buildings
- Dif themes
- Gov’t, mining, machinery, agricultural, manufacturing
Entertainment
- Rides, music, food
- Hot air balloon
- Pool
- Wax museum
Financial Success
- $28 mil
- back frm dvlp
- $4 mil
- Concessions
Purpose
- Encourage US unity
Cultural change
- Buying
- Selling
- Celebrate tech/innov
Impact
- Big business launched @ fair
- Juicy fruit gum
- Wrigleys
- Diet Soda
- Aunt Jemima Syrup
- Cracker Jack Popcorn
- Shredded Wheat Cereal
- Postcard
- Ferris Wheel
- Hamburger
Tech changed fast
Ppl. were scared
Fair helped ppl. learn about new tech
Changed culture
Patriotism
Helped inspire Wizard Of Oz
baseball
1st pro League Formed
- 1871 National league (NL)
- Reformed 1876
- American League Created
- Ban Johnson took strongest minor league teams
Formed American League in 1901
Battle for league
NL and AL fought for who should be major league
AL gained players + built more teams/stadiums
NL gave up
Singed national agreement for two leagues
First World Series - 1903
AL vs. NL
Pittsburgh Pirate vs. Boston Red Sox
Red sox won 5-3
Ty Cobb
Important icon in early baseball
Highest ever recorded batting average
Played —–> Detroit Tigers
Entertainment
Became something americans loved to watch
Brought people together
Entertaining for everyone
- cheap social event that fans could attend
Gibson Girl
Gibson Girl
Artist Charles Dana Gibson
Curled hair placed on top of head
Used extra horse and human hair
1 piece on left side hanging down
Set beauty standard in US in all classes
radio
Radio Pioneers
- NYC opera - microphones used radio waves 2 - project sound
- Until then sound only sent 2 one person, not lot pepl.
Heinrich Hertz figured out control. of waves
First used w/ Morse code
Machines 2 get & send messages
Early Radio
- Some compan. said they made radio; sold stock 2 public but were fake
- Radio waves thought 2b danger.
Acceptance of Radio
Pass of time, good compan. grow
Gov. use radio lot in WWI
Radio licenses
1st & biggest “mass media”
Use of Radio
Ships @ sea
News
Gov.
Milit.
Entertainment
Opera, etc.
Communicate w/ friend, boss, etc.
Sears-Roebuck
Sears Homes
1908-1940
- Sold over 70,000 houses (from mail program)
- Followed home design “trends”
- Different styles
- Catalogs sent out to public that showed house designs
- Sparked buyers interest
- buyers only had to pick a plan
Mass production
Because of national interest
Knew what people wanted
Sears and Roebuck
Richard Sears & Avala Roebuck
1888 = first catalog comes out
1891 = 52 pg. Catalog on watches & jewelry
Sears, Roebuck & Company
1893
Becomes much larger than just Sears, and Roebuck
- Sold jewelry, watches, fire arms, bicycles, clothing, sewing machines, etc
Made buying things much easier
Made it possible to look at things to buy w/out being at store
Conducted business over mail
- 2004 Kmart bought sears
- Cost $11,000,000,000
mass produced foods
Homemade food prep to packaged food
Possible b/c of tech.
Grocery stores
- Place to buy food + drink
ex: A&P, Piggly Wiggly
Consumer foods
- Coca-Cola (1886)
- Sold beverages (many kinds)
- Famous for glass bottle
- Best drink prod.
- Successful immediately
- Went global
- Dr. Pepper (1885)
- 1st major soda
- Great marketing strategy
- Poss. b/c of tech
- Fast food
- Diners, amusment parks, hot dog stands
- Food = easier to get
market economy
individuals have complete control over economy
in the 2nd industrial revaluation,
mixed economy
gov’t has some control over over economy. ex: us
capital
something that has value (can be bought or sold)
corporation
def: a business that is owned by many investors
growth of corporations - 1880s
shareholders have stock
- pay business’ initial expenses
- elect board of directors to oversee spending
dividend
a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits.
stockholder
ppl. who own a part of a company (stock)
trust
def: a group of corporations that unite in order to reduce competition and control prices in an industry. a trust also has one board to oversee them.
- some Americans thought monopolies were a threat to free enterprise system
- rich entrepreneurs corrupt gov’t
urbanization
the growth of cities (ex NYC)
- industries located in urban areas
- immigrant and rural americans go to these areas
urbanization causes land costs to go up, so builders expand upward w/ elevators, skyscrapers, tenements
tenements
cheap apartments
- spread illness and fire
- crowded
- common in NYC
- cheap rent
- usually no light or heat
Jacob Riis
danish to american photographer
- took pics of tenements
- believed knowledge = change
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
- took advantage of new tech in NY
- cheap production
manager was Sam Bernstein
the owners:
max blanck - got ppl to sell product
isaac harris - ran factory - neglected workers
both wealthy
- mostly employed young immigrant women
- fac. located on top 3 floors of Asch Building NYC
- poorly designed for emergency
Pay - Adult workers
- $9-12/week
- teen/13 y/o workers
- $6 or less/week
- Younger workers
- Less than $6-1.50/week
Hours
- 7:30 am-6:30 pm
Busier season worked til 9pm
No overtime pay
Charged employees for everything
Working at least 59 hours/week
- weekends also
Locked doors; “no interruptions”
working conditions
most working conditions during this time bad and unsafe
Lewis Hine
- photographer
- photos of tenements and sweatshops
- brought child labor to light
- published ‘Child Labor in the Carolinas’ and ‘Laborers before their time’
child labor
- medical problems for extreme work conditions
- small to none wages
- majority worked in factories
socioeconomic (status)
how a person’s place in the economic system intersects or influences their place in society
