Unit 2 Terms

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

the process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli

Question 2

UCS

Answer 2

stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response (food in mouth triggers salvation)

Question 3

UCR

Answer 3

naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salvation in response to food)

Question 4

CS

Answer 4

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

CR

Answer 5

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing.

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Question 7

Generalization

Answer 7

responding to stimuli that is similar to the conditioned stimuli

Question 8

Discrimination

Answer 8

responding to certain stimuli but not others

Question 9

Operant conditioning

Answer 9

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior’s recurrence.

Question 10

Reinforcement

Answer 10

increases behavior

Question 11

Positive punishment

Answer 11

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

Question 12

Negative Punishment

Answer 12

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

Question 13

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 13

fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval

Question 14

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 14

the capacity for holding a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a short interval

Question 15

Which schedule is best?

Answer 15

the fixed schedules of reinforcement

Question 16

Long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 16

in which informative knowledge is held indefinitely

Question 17

Recognition

Answer 17

is a memory task in which the individual only has to identify (recognize) learned items

Question 18

Recall

Answer 18

is a memory task in which the individual has to retrieve previously learned information

Question 19

Retroactive interference

Answer 19

new information learned interferes with the retrieval of old information

Question 20

Proactive interference

Answer 20

old information learned interferes with the recall of new information

Question 21

Primacy effect

Answer 21

refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list

Question 22

Prenatal development

Answer 22

germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages

Question 23

Recency effect

Answer 23

refers to better recall for items at the end

Question 24

Critical Period

Answer 24

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Question 25

Secure Attachment

Answer 25

infants use caregivers as a secure base to explore the environment

Question 26

Insecure Attachment

Answer 26

caregiver is not a secure base for the infant; infant experiences unstable relationship with caregiver

Question 27

Piaget’s Theory

Answer 27

the study where they put the baby in the room with the mother and the doctor and had one/both of them leave and see the response of the baby

Question 28

Parenting Styles

Answer 28

permissive, neglectful, authoritative, authoritarian

Question 29

Permissive parenting

Answer 29

allows child to do whatever they want with very few limits

Question 30

neglectful parenting

Answer 30

lac of involvement in child’s life

Question 31

authoritative parenting

Answer 31

collaboration with the child; warm and nurturing, but still places limits and controls

Question 32

authoritarian parenting

Answer 32

strict and controlling

Question 33

Assimilation

Answer 33

An individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

Question 34

Accommodation

Answer 34

An individual’s adjustment of his or her schemas to include new information

Question 35

Object Permanence

Answer 35

Piaget’s term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.

Question 36

Conservation

Answer 36

operational thinking

Question 37

Identity Crisis

Answer 37

a period of uncertainty or confusion in a person’s life

Question 38

Somatic

Answer 38

a form of body-oriented therapy that uses techniques and holistic approaches to help alleviate a patient’s mental and physical issues

Question 39

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 39

involuntary movement

Question 40

Hypothalamus

Answer 40

an area of the brain that produces hormones that control: body temperature, heart rate, hunger, & mood

Question 41

Corpus callosum

Answer 41

the primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Question 42

Lobes of the brain

Answer 42

frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal

Question 43

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Answer 43

cortical areas specialized for production and comprehension, respectively, of human language

Question 44

Lateralization

Answer 44

the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other

Question 45

Sensation

Answer 45

a physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body

Question 46

Perception

Answer 46

the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses

Question 47

receptor cells

Answer 47

the cell in a sensory system that is responsible for stimulus transduction

Question 48

Transduction

Answer 48

the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to anothe