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A&P > Unit 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Unit 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A 
Support
Mineral homeostasis 
Assistance in movement 
Protection 
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage
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2
Q

Proximal epiphysis

A

Top end of long bones

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3
Q

Metaphysis

A

Growth plate

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4
Q

Diaphysis

A

Hollow body of bone

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5
Q

Distal epiphysis

A

Bottom end of all long bones

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6
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Growth plate

After puberty becomes line

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7
Q

Spongy bone

A

Bone on the inside

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8
Q

Compact bone

A

Surface bone

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9
Q

Nutrient artery

A

Blood to bone

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10
Q

Osteons

A

Contain blood vessels

In concentric rings of calcified matrix

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11
Q

Osteocytes

A

Found in the spaces called lacunae

Communicate through canaliculi

Connect one cell to the next cell

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12
Q

Interstitial lamella

A

Represent older osteons that have been removed during tissue remodeling.

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13
Q

Intramembranous ossification

Location

A

Roofing bones of skull
Clavicle
Mandible

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14
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Formation of bone directly from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes

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15
Q

Step of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Development of center of ossification
  2. Formation of trabeculae
  3. Osteocytes deposit mineral salts (calcification)
  4. Development of periosteum spongy bone and compact bone tissue
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16
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Formation of bone from hyaline cartilage

Developing bones are deposited as hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue

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17
Q

Steps of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Development of cartilage model
  2. Growth of cartilage model
  3. Development of primary ossification center
  4. Development of secondary ossification center in epiphysis
  5. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
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18
Q

Bone of growth at epiphyseal plate

Zones

A

Resting place

Proliferating cartilage

Hypertonic cartilage

Calcified cartilage

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19
Q

Zone of resting cartilage

A

Anchors growth plate to bone

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20
Q

Zone of Proliferating cartilage

A

Rapid division (stacked coins)

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21
Q

Zone of hypertonic cartilage

A

Cells enlarged and remain in columns

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22
Q

Zone of calcified cartilage

A

Thin zone, cells mostly dead since matrix is calcified

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23
Q

Steps of appositional growth

A
  1. Periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts which secrete collagen fibers and organic molecules to form the matrix
  2. Ridges fuse and the periosteum becomes the endosteum
  3. New concentric lamellae are formed
  4. Osteoblasts under the periosteum form new circumferential lamellae
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24
Q

Bone fracture repair

Simple steps

A
  1. Formation of a fractured hematoma
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation.
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
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25
Q

Formation of a fractured hematoma

A

Fracture line w/ associated soft tissue swelling

Abundant hematoma w/ beginning fibroblastic penetration

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26
Q

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

A

At 2 wks visible callus

Bone resorption and osteoporosis

Migration of chondroblasts

Cartilage is beginning to cover

New osteous tissue is produced enchondrally

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27
Q

Bony callus formation

A

At 2 months bony callus w/ sharp margins bridges the fracture

Fracture line itself begins to disappear

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28
Q

Bone remodeling

A

At 5-6 months the marrow cavity is continuous

Compact bone of the disphysis has been reformed

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29
Q

Closed fracture

A

No open wound

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30
Q

Open fracture

A

through soft tissue

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31
Q

Compound fracture

A

Through the skin

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32
Q

Simple fracture

A

Uncomplicated without piercing skin

Closed fracture

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33
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone is splinted or crushed

Closed compound fracture

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34
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

Lower end of radius

Lower fragment is displaced backward

35
Q

Green stick fracture

A

One side of the bone is broken. Other is bent

Most common in children

36
Q

Impacted fracture

A

One bone is driven into another

Common in vertebra

37
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Weakening bone structure due to neoplasia, osteomalacia or osteomyelitis

38
Q

Potts’ fracture

A

Lower part of fibula with serious injury if the lower tibial articulation

Chipping of medial malleolus or rupture of medial ligament

39
Q

Thyroid gland

A

High level of Ca in blood stimulates parafollicular cells to release calcitonin

40
Q

Calcitonin

A

Promotes despostion of blood Ca into bone matrix, decreases blood Ca level

41
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Low level of Ca in blood stimulates principle cells to release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

42
Q

PTH

A

Promotes release of Ca from bone matrix into hoods and retards loss of Ca in urine which increases blood Ca level

PTH also stimulates the kidneys to release calcitriol

43
Q

Calcitriol

A

Stimulates increased absorption of Ca from foods in the gastro tract, increasing blood Ca level

44
Q

Boron

A

Enhances calcium absorption and estrogen metabolism

45
Q

Fluoride

A

Stimulates bone and tooth development

46
Q

Magnesium

A

Enhances bone quality and improves bone density

47
Q

Phosphorus

A

Combines with calcium to form

48
Q

Manganese

A

Acts as a coenzyme to form optimal bone matrix

49
Q

Vitamin A

A

Controls activity, distribution and coordination of osteoblasts/ osteoclasts

50
Q

Vitamin B12

A

May inhibit osteoblasts activity

51
Q

Vitamin C

A

Helps maintain bone matrix, deficiency leads to decreased collagen production which inhibits bone growth and repair

52
Q

Vitamin D

A

Calcitriol

Helps build bone by increasing calcium absorption

Deficiencies result in “rickets” in children

53
Q

Human growth hormone

A

Promotes general growth of all body tissue and normal growth in children

54
Q

Insulin

A

Like growth factor and stimulates uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis

Promotes growth and maturity

55
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Promotes normal bone growth and maturity

56
Q

Estrogen

A

Increases osteogenesis at puberty and is responsible for gender differences of skeletons

57
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of both bone salts and collagen fibers

58
Q

Craniostenosis

A

Deformity of the skull due to premature closing of cranial sutures

59
Q

Kyphosis

A

Hunchback

60
Q

Lordosis

A

Curve of lumbar and cervical spine

61
Q

Scoliosis

A

Side to side curvature of spine

62
Q

Spina bifida

A

Spinal cord is malformed and lacks protective skeletal or soft tissue coverings

63
Q

Congenial talipes eauinovarus

A

Foot is plantar flexed , inverted and addicted

64
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Compression of wrist of the medial nerve supplying the hand

65
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

May be caused by infection

Autoimmune attacks against the collagen joints

66
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative joint disease

67
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of bursa

Especially in knee, elbow or shoulder

68
Q

Laminectomy

A

Surgical removal of posterior arch of vertebra

69
Q

Herniated disc

A

Rupture of fibrocartilage of the disc between spinal vertebrae

Lumbar region

70
Q

Luxation

A

Dislocate

71
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial dislocation

72
Q

Sprain

A

Wrenching or laceration of ligaments

73
Q

Bunion

A

A painful swelling of the bursa at first joint of big toe

74
Q

Inversion

eversion

A

Big toe up sideways

Little toe up sideways

75
Q

Protraction

Retraction

A

Chin out

Chin in

76
Q

Elevation

Depression

A

Mouth closed

Mouth open

77
Q

Medial rotation

Lateral rotation

A

Knee in toward center, arm on belly button

Knee out away from center, arm away from belly button

78
Q

Abduction

Adduction

A

Apart, away

Together

79
Q

Flexion

Extension

Hyperextension

A

Leg up, palm up, looking down

Standing, high five, looking straight

Leg back, palm down, looking up

80
Q

Ball and socket

A

Head of femur and hip bone

81
Q

Saddle joint

A

Wrist and thumb (two saddles together)

82
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Sideways cut joint

83
Q

Pivot joint

A

Radius and ulna, straw and hole

A&P (5 decks)

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