Unit 2 Study Guide

Question 1

What is a eukaryote? Most common example?

Answer 1

Cells with membrane bound organelles; have a clear nucleus. Ex. plants and animals

Question 2

What is a prokaryote? Most common example?

Answer 2

No membrane bound organelles; no clear nucleus. Ex. bacteria

Question 3

What types of organisms have a cell wall?

Answer 3

Plants, bacteria, and fungi

Question 4

How do you find the total magnification on a microscope?

Answer 4

Multiply the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the eyepiece lens

Question 5

What did Schleiden and Schwann figure out about cells?

Answer 5

The Cell Theory

Question 6

Who was the first person to see a cell?

Answer 6

Robert Hooke

Question 7

Who was the first person to see a living cell?

Answer 7

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 8

What are the three points of the Cell Theory?

Answer 8

1. All living things are composed of cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. New cells come from existing cells

Question 9

What is the difference between compound and electron microscopes?

Answer 9

Electron microscopes can magnify cells at a much greater magnification

Question 10

What is an organelle?

Answer 10

A structure in the cell with a specific job

Question 11

What material is found in the nucleus of a cell?

Answer 11

DNA, chromatin, chromosomes

Question 12

What is the function of the cell wall and what is it made of?

Answer 12

The cell wall gives the cell structure and protection.
It is made of cellulose and pectin.

Question 13

What is the function of the cell membrane and what is it made of?

Answer 13

The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
It is made of lipids and proteins.

Question 14

Which organelle provides the cell with energy?

Answer 14

Mitochondria

Question 15

Which organelle makes proteins?

Answer 15

Ribosomes

Question 16

Which organelle packages and sorts proteins?

Answer 16

Golgi Body

Question 17

Which organelle temporarily stores substances?

Answer 17

Vacuoles

Question 18

Which organelle makes food?

Answer 18

Chloroplasts

Question 19

Which organelle transports proteins?

Answer 19

ER

Question 20

Which organelle breaks down cellular waste and used parts?

Answer 20

Lysosomes

Question 21

What are the two main components of in the cell membrane?

Answer 21

Lipids and proteins

Question 22

Why is the cell membrane referred to as the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 22

The cell membrane is made of different parts working together, like a mosaic is made of many tiles

Question 23

What does it mean that the cell membrane is selectively permeable?

Answer 23

Selective permeability means the cell membrane decides what passes in and out.

Question 24

Diffusion moves from and area of ______________ to ____________ concentration.

Answer 24

High to Low

Question 25

Compare and contrast passive and active transport in terms of energy and direction of the
concentration gradient.

Answer 25

In active transport, the molecules move against the concentration gradient whereas in passive transport, the molecules move along the concentration gradient

Question 26

How is simple diffusion different from facilitated diffusion?

Answer 26

In simple diffusion, the substance passes between the phospholipids; in facilitated diffusion there are a specialized membrane channels.

Question 27

What kind of molecules must use
facilitated diffusion to pass across the membrane?

Answer 27

Charged or polar molecules that cannot fit between the phospholipids generally enter and leave cells through facilitated diffusion.

Question 28

What kinds of molecules
can EASILY pass through the membrane?

Answer 28

Hydrocarbons and oxygen easily pass through

Question 29

When molecules are equally distributed across an area, that area is said to be in what?

Answer 29

In equilibrium

Question 30

Explain what is happening to a cell that increases in size in terms of osmosis. (What direction is
the water flowing in? What kind of solution is the cell floating in?)

Answer 30

The cell is hypotonic, in, hypertonic

Question 31

What happens when you put a cell into a hypertonic solution? Pure water?

Answer 31

A cell placed into a hypertonic solution will shrivel and die by a process known as plasmolysis. water will diffuse into the cell and the cell will begin to swell

Question 32

Compare and contrast exocytosis and endocytosis.

Answer 32

Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell. Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell.

Question 33

How is one cell in a multi-cellular organism different from a unicellular organism?

Answer 33

Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism, while multicellular organisms use many different cells to function.

Question 34

What is the cell wall composed of?

Answer 34

The cell wall is composed of a network of cellulose microfibrils and cross-linking glycans embedded in a highly cross-linked matrix of pectin polysaccharides

Question 35

Which stage of cell signaling is a transcription protein activated for gene regulation?

Question 36

Compare and contrast the mitochondria and the chloroplast

Answer 36

Mitochondria are the “powerhouses” of animal cells, while chloroplasts are the “powerhouses” of plant cells.

Question 37

Describe a phospholipid in terms of polar and non-polar

Answer 37

Phospholipid heads are polar, and the tails are non-polar