Midterm Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, Penrose sugar, phosphate
What is responsible for the energy transfers between molecules?
Phosphate groups
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Provides protection for a cell and allows transfer in and out.
1.) What is the difference between an electrically neutral atom and an ion?
Electrically neutral atom = equal number of protons and electron
Ion = atom or group of atoms with electric charge
Why should cells be small?
If a cell grows past a certain size, materials will not be able to pass through the membrane fast enough to accommodate the inside of the cell.
What are the functions of the nucleoli?
Produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes
2.) How are isotopes different from each other?
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
What are the functions of the lysosomes?
To break down excess or worn-out cell parts
3.) Label a reactant?
-Reactant is the formula before the arrow, leading into a product
-Subscript is small number to bottom right of the coefficient
-Coefficient is number before element
What are the functions of the nucleus?
Control genetic material, protein and enzyme synthesis, and cell division and growth.
What are the functions of the Golgi body?
Transportation, sorting, and modification of both proteins and lipids
4.) Where are the shared electrons commonly found around a water molecule?
The oxygen at the end of the molecule
What are the functions of the ER?
Protein synthesis and transport and protein folding.
5.) What are the properties of water and explain each.
-Cohesion: the sticking together of particles of the same substance
-Adhesion: the binding or attraction between dissimilar molecules
-High specific heat: requires a large amount of heat to raise the temperature of water
-Capillary action: the movement of a liquid through or along another material against an opposing force
-Surface tension: property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force
-Universal solvent: capable of dissolving more substances than any other liquid
What are the functions of the peroxisomes?
Plays important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
Molecule transport and protection
What is the Endosymbiosis Theory?
The evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms
40:True or False: Substrate level phosphorylation transfer phosphate groups from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate.
True
41 What is the role of the oxygen atom in aerobic respiration
The oxygen molecule accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water. This allows for the continuation of the ETC and ATP production.
7.) Describe the pH scale? Acids? Bases?
pH scale - measures the acidity of a substance
Acids - 1-6 acidity level
Bases - 8-14 acidity level
42.) What are the formulas for photiosynthesis and cell respiration
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
What are the structures of the chloroplast?
The intermembrane space - the region between the inner and outer membrane
Stroma - fluid-filled internal space of the chloroplasts
Thylakoid lumen - tiny compartments that help absorb sunlight
43.) What are the parts of choroplast and the functions
The parts of a chloroplast are:
Outer membrane - controls passage of molecules in and out
Inner membrane - surrounds stroma and thylakoid space
Stroma - site of Calvin cycle reactions
Thylakoids - flattened sacs where light reactions occur
Grana - stacks of thylakoids
44.) Where are the chlorophil found in the chloroplast?
Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
45.) What colors do clorophyl absorb
They absorb everything except green and the reflect green into our eyes
What processes happen in the cristae and the matrix of the mitochondria?
The electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, and glycolysis
37.) What happens during chemiosmosis
Electron carriers donate electrons to the transport chain
What is a transmembrane protein?
A type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane. They act as gateways for the transport of specific substances across the membrane
38.) What happens to glucose during cellular respiration
Oxidised into carbon dioxide
True or false: Biological membranes are normally permeable to small hydrophobic molecules
True
39.) What are the starting molocules for each procee: ETC, glycolosis, citric acid cycle, formation of acetyl CoA
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water
What is active transport?
Low to high concentration
What is facilitated diffusion?
High to low concentration
What does hypotonic mean?
Solute (water) concentration inside the cell is higher
What does isotonic mean?
equilibrium inside and outside the cell
What does hypertonic mean?
solute (water) concentration higher outside of cell
What is the hydrogen acceptor in photosynthesis?
NADP
What is the reduced molecule in photosynthesis?
CO2
What are enzymes?
Proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies
What is an allosteric enzyme?
Enzymes that hinder the production of enzyme activity. Basically gets in front of another enzyme so that enzyme can’t react with the substrate.
8.) Monomers, polymers, structures, examples.(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuclein acids)
-Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, polysaccharides, rings)
-Lipids (fatty acids, tryglicerides, chains)
-Proteins (amino acids, polypeptides, branches)
-Nucleic Acids (nucleotides, polynucleotides, sugar phosphate)
What are three ways that enzyme action could be affected?
Temperature, pH, and concentration
What type of reaction is aerobic respiration?
A series of enzyme controlled reactions
9.) Describe dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
Dehydration synthesis reactions build molecules up and generally require energy, while hydrolysis reactions break molecules down and generally release energy
10.) What reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond? Glycogen——> Glucose
hydrolysis reactions
11.) What sugar is found in muscle cells and animal liver?
glucose
12.) What are the functions of lipids?
provides energy and provides protection
13.) What is a molecule of saturated triacylglycerol?
a single glycerol bound to three fatty acid chains
14.) What is the plasma membrane made of?
both proteins and lipids
15.) What level of protein folding is peptide bonds important?
primary structure
16.) Describe the tertiary structure of a protein.
the three-dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain
17.) True or False: proteins lose some or all of their normal activity if the shape is changed.
True
18.) What molecule transmits genetic information?
DNA molecules
