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Ap Bio > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

Nitrogenous base, Penrose sugar, phosphate

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2
Q

What is responsible for the energy transfers between molecules?

A

Phosphate groups

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3
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Provides protection for a cell and allows transfer in and out.

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4
Q

1.) What is the difference between an electrically neutral atom and an ion?

A

Electrically neutral atom = equal number of protons and electron

Ion = atom or group of atoms with electric charge

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5
Q

Why should cells be small?

A

If a cell grows past a certain size, materials will not be able to pass through the membrane fast enough to accommodate the inside of the cell.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the nucleoli?

A

Produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes

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7
Q

2.) How are isotopes different from each other?

A

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

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8
Q

What are the functions of the lysosomes?

A

To break down excess or worn-out cell parts

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9
Q

3.) Label a reactant?

A

-Reactant is the formula before the arrow, leading into a product
-Subscript is small number to bottom right of the coefficient
-Coefficient is number before element

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10
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A

Control genetic material, protein and enzyme synthesis, and cell division and growth.

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11
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi body?

A

Transportation, sorting, and modification of both proteins and lipids

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12
Q

4.) Where are the shared electrons commonly found around a water molecule?

A

The oxygen at the end of the molecule

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13
Q

What are the functions of the ER?

A

Protein synthesis and transport and protein folding.

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14
Q

5.) What are the properties of water and explain each.

A

-Cohesion: the sticking together of particles of the same substance

-Adhesion: the binding or attraction between dissimilar molecules

-High specific heat: requires a large amount of heat to raise the temperature of water

-Capillary action: the movement of a liquid through or along another material against an opposing force

-Surface tension: property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force

-Universal solvent: capable of dissolving more substances than any other liquid

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15
Q

What are the functions of the peroxisomes?

A

Plays important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling

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16
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

Molecule transport and protection

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17
Q

What is the Endosymbiosis Theory?

A

The evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms

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18
Q

40:True or False: Substrate level phosphorylation transfer phosphate groups from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate.

A

True

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19
Q

41 What is the role of the oxygen atom in aerobic respiration

A

The oxygen molecule accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water. This allows for the continuation of the ETC and ATP production.

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20
Q

7.) Describe the pH scale? Acids? Bases?

A

pH scale - measures the acidity of a substance

Acids - 1-6 acidity level

Bases - 8-14 acidity level

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21
Q

42.) What are the formulas for photiosynthesis and cell respiration

A

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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22
Q

What are the structures of the chloroplast?

A

The intermembrane space - the region between the inner and outer membrane
Stroma - fluid-filled internal space of the chloroplasts
Thylakoid lumen - tiny compartments that help absorb sunlight

23
Q

43.) What are the parts of choroplast and the functions

A

The parts of a chloroplast are:
Outer membrane - controls passage of molecules in and out
Inner membrane - surrounds stroma and thylakoid space
Stroma - site of Calvin cycle reactions
Thylakoids - flattened sacs where light reactions occur
Grana - stacks of thylakoids

24
Q

44.) Where are the chlorophil found in the chloroplast?

A

Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

25
Q

45.) What colors do clorophyl absorb

A

They absorb everything except green and the reflect green into our eyes

26
Q

What processes happen in the cristae and the matrix of the mitochondria?

A

The electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, and glycolysis

27
Q

37.) What happens during chemiosmosis

A

Electron carriers donate electrons to the transport chain

28
Q

What is a transmembrane protein?

A

A type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane. They act as gateways for the transport of specific substances across the membrane

29
Q

38.) What happens to glucose during cellular respiration

A

Oxidised into carbon dioxide

30
Q

True or false: Biological membranes are normally permeable to small hydrophobic molecules

A

True

31
Q

39.) What are the starting molocules for each procee: ETC, glycolosis, citric acid cycle, formation of acetyl CoA

A
32
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water

33
Q

What is active transport?

A

Low to high concentration

34
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

High to low concentration

35
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Solute (water) concentration inside the cell is higher

36
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

equilibrium inside and outside the cell

37
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

solute (water) concentration higher outside of cell

38
Q

What is the hydrogen acceptor in photosynthesis?

A

NADP

39
Q

What is the reduced molecule in photosynthesis?

A

CO2

40
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies

41
Q

What is an allosteric enzyme?

A

Enzymes that hinder the production of enzyme activity. Basically gets in front of another enzyme so that enzyme can’t react with the substrate.

42
Q

8.) Monomers, polymers, structures, examples.(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuclein acids)

A

-Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, polysaccharides, rings)

-Lipids (fatty acids, tryglicerides, chains)

-Proteins (amino acids, polypeptides, branches)

-Nucleic Acids (nucleotides, polynucleotides, sugar phosphate)

43
Q

What are three ways that enzyme action could be affected?

A

Temperature, pH, and concentration

44
Q

What type of reaction is aerobic respiration?

A

A series of enzyme controlled reactions

45
Q

9.) Describe dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

A

Dehydration synthesis reactions build molecules up and generally require energy, while hydrolysis reactions break molecules down and generally release energy

46
Q

10.) What reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond? Glycogen——> Glucose

A

hydrolysis reactions

47
Q

11.) What sugar is found in muscle cells and animal liver?

A

glucose

48
Q

12.) What are the functions of lipids?

A

provides energy and provides protection

49
Q

13.) What is a molecule of saturated triacylglycerol?

A

a single glycerol bound to three fatty acid chains

50
Q

14.) What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

both proteins and lipids

51
Q

15.) What level of protein folding is peptide bonds important?

A

primary structure

52
Q

16.) Describe the tertiary structure of a protein.

A

the three-dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain

53
Q

17.) True or False: proteins lose some or all of their normal activity if the shape is changed.

A

True

54
Q

18.) What molecule transmits genetic information?

A

DNA molecules

Ap Bio (5 decks)

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