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Ap Bio > Chapter 1 Test study guide cards > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Test study guide cards Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

WHAT ELEMENTS MAKE UP 96% OF LIVING MATTER?

A

Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

AMINO ACIDS ARE ACIDS BECAUSE THEY ALWAYS CONTAIN WHICH FUNCTIONAL GROUP?

A

Carboxyl Groups

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3
Q

Monomer and Polymer for Carbohydrates

A

Monomer - Monosaccharides
Polymer - Polysaccharides

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4
Q

WHAT TYPE OF BOND MUST BE BROKEN FOR WATER TO VAPORIZE?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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5
Q

Monomer and Polymer for Lipids

A

Monomer - Fatty Acids
Polymer - Triglycerides

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6
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

two molecules bonded by the sharing of electrons.

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7
Q

WHY DOES ICE FLOAT?

A

when water freezes it expands becoming lighter

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8
Q

Monomer and Polymer for Proteins

A

Monomer - Amino Acid
Polymer - Polypeptides

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9
Q

WHAT RESULTS FROM AN UNEQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN ATOMS?

A

a polar covalent bond

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10
Q

CONTRAST HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC

A

Hydrophobic materials are water fearing (doesn’t mix with water) and hydrophilic materials are water loving (love being wetted by water

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11
Q

Monomer and Polymer for Nucleic Acids

A

Monomer - Nucleotides
Polymer - Polynucleotides

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12
Q

WHICH MOLECULE IS NOT FORMED BY DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS?

A

Fatty Acids

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13
Q

Name the Four Main Polymers

A

Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acid

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14
Q

What is Hydrolysis (Condensation)?

A

When a molecule of water breaks a chemical bond (Water is added)

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15
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

An unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE PH OF A SOLUTION WITH A HYDROXYL ION CONCENTRATION OF 10 -12?

A

2

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17
Q

WHEN IS A COVALENT BOND MOST LIKELY TO BE POLAR?

A

when it is formed between two atoms with different electronegativities.

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18
Q

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

A

When a molecule of water is taken away in order to bond a molecule

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19
Q

HOW MANY MOLECULES OF WATER ARE NEEDED TO COMPLETELY
HYDROLYZE A POLYMER THAT IS 6 MONOMERS LONG?

A

5

20
Q

WHAT IS THE PH SCALE USED FOR?

A

To measure the acidity of a substance.

21
Q

HOW ARE POLYSACCHARIDES SIMILAR TO PROTEINS?

A

They both give energy to the body when required and consist of repeating units to make a complete structure. Aides in repair and growth

22
Q

IF A PH SOLUTION IS DECREASED FROM 9 TO 8, WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

A

The concentration of H+ has increased tenfold (10X) and the concentration of OH- has decreased to one-tenth (1/10).

23
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE BONDING OF AN UNSATURATED
FAT AND A SATURATED FAT?

A

Saturated fatty acids - single bonds only
Unsaturated fatty acids - one or more double bonds

24
Q

WHAT ARE BUFFER SOLUTIONS AND WHAT IS THEIR PURPOSE?

A

A buffer is an aqueous solution containing a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

25
Q

WHAT TYPE OF BONDS ARE PRODUCED IN THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF A
PROTEIN?

A

Covalent, peptide bonds

26
Q

IN A POLAR MOLECULE WHICH SUBSTANCE IS THE SOLUTE?

A

The substance being dissolved.

27
Q

WHICH TYPE OF BOND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING A 3
DIMENSIONAL SHAPE?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

28
Q

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEIN FOLDING IS IMPORTANT TO R GROUPS?

A

Tertiary Structure

29
Q

WHAT MAKES UP A NUCLEOTIDE?

A

A sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

30
Q

WHICH COMPOUND HAS THE MOST COVALENT BOND?

A

The compound with the most covalent bond is hydrogen fluoride (HF)

31
Q

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA?
(There Are Two)

A

-RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose
-RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine

32
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

chemical bond that forms when an atom donates one or more electrons to another atom

33
Q

Structure of A Carboxyl Group

A

A carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom with the help of a double bond

34
Q

Structure of An Amine Group

A

Composed of a nitrogen atom that forms a total of three bonds

35
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURAL FORMULA FOR ALCOHOL?

A

H H
| |
H—C—C—O—H
| |
H H

36
Q

WHICH WATER PROPERTY DESCRIBES MAINTAINING BODY TEMP BY SWEATING? WHICH BONDS ARE BROKEN WHEN HEAT IS ABSORBED?

A

Evaporation of sweat, which is 90 percent water, allows for cooling of an organism, because breaking hydrogen bonds requires an input of energy and takes heat away from the body.

37
Q

WHICH BONDS ARE THE STRONGEST? WEAKEST?

A

The strongest chemical bonds are ionic bonds.

38
Q

WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES OF CARBOHYDRTATES, DESCRIBE EACH.

A

Simple and complex. Simple carbs are composed of 1 or 2 sugars. Complex

39
Q

what is a compound?

A

A compound is a pure substance that is made up of two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. (H2O)

40
Q

STEROID MOLECULE STRUCTURE

A

Four Hexagons

41
Q

THE STRUCTURAL LEVEL OF PROTEIN LEAST AFFECTED BY A DISRUPTION IN HYDROGEN BONDING IS WHAT LEVEL?

A

Primary level.

42
Q

what is chemical equilibrium?

A

Chemical equilibrium is a state in which the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.

43
Q

HOW MANY ELECTRON PAIRS DOES CARBON SHARE IN ORDER TO COMPLETE ITS VALENCE SHELL?

A

To achieve a full outer energy level and, thus, a most stable electron arrangement, carbon would need to share four pairs of electrons.

44
Q

WHAT TYPE OF BOND IS USED TO ATTRACT WATER MOLECULES TOGETHER?

A

Hydrogen bond

45
Q

CARBON ATOMS LIKE TO FORM WHAT BOND WITH OTHER ATOMS?

A

Covalent bonds.

46
Q
  1. WHICH 2 FUNTIONAL GROUPS ARE ALWAYS FOUND IN AMINO ACIDS?
A

Carboxyl and amino groups.

Ap Bio (5 decks)

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