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Biology > Unit 2- Straight From the Jotter > Flashcards

Unit 2- Straight From the Jotter Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does a leaf cell have lots of?

A

Chloroplast

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2
Q

What do multicellular organisms contain?

A

Contain specialised cells which are adapted for their function.

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3
Q

What do differentiated cells look like?

A

High degree, look very different from each other, different shapes and functions

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4
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

Is an organism which consists of only one cell.

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5
Q

What are the levels of organisations put into order from smallest to largest?

A 
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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6
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transports oxygen around the body

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7
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Destroys bacteria and makes antibodies.

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8
Q

What do ciliated cells do?

A

Moves bacteria and dust away from your lungs, pushing germs away.

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9
Q

What does xylem vessels do?

A

Transport water and minerals up the plant.

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10
Q

What do root hair cells do?

A

Absorbs minerals and water from the soil.

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11
Q

What are the function of pollen cells?

A

Plant sex cells. Carries information to make new offspring

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12
Q

What is the function of a mesophyll cell?

A

Makes food from sunlight by photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A

Transmits signals through the body.

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14
Q

What is the function of sperm cells?

A

Carries hereditary information from the father

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15
Q

What is the function of an egg cell?

A

Carries hereditary information from the mother

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16
Q

How do stem cells divide?

A

By mitosis

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17
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are unusual cells. Stem cells divide my mitosis. Stem cells have the potential to become different types of cells. Stem cells are the site of production of specialised cells in animals. Stem cells are involved in providing new cells for growth and repair.

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18
Q

What are meristems?

A

Meristems are the site of cell division in plants.

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19
Q

Where is the only place cells can divide in plants?

A

In the meristem

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20
Q

Where are meristems found?

A

Root ends and shoot ends

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21
Q

What are the cells in meristems?

A

Are non-specialised cells and after dividing these cells differentiate to form any plant cell and tissue.

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22
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

What happens if the spinal cord was to get damaged?

A

Become paralysed

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24
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Move around being a single cell, carrying informations to brain and spinal cord.

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25
Q

What are the 3 parts to the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla

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26
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Intelligence and personality

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27
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls balance, and coordinates your movements.

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28
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Controls breathing, heart rate and heart beats

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29
Q

which is the biggest part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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30
Q

Which part of the brain is long and thin?

A

Medulla

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31
Q

What are the three nerve cells?

A

Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron

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32
Q

What is the function of the sensory neuron?

A

Have a receptor in a sense organ and carry the impulse into the CNS.

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33
Q

What is the function of the relay neuron?

A

This type of neuron acts as a connector between the sensory and motor neurons and are found only in the CNS

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34
Q

What are the functions of motor neurons?

A

Starts in the CNS and carries electrical impulses to muscle or gland. Muscle contract

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35
Q

What are stimuluses?

A 
Ear- sound waves, vibrations 
Eye- light 
Nose- chemicals 
Skin- pressure, temperature, pain 
Toungue- chemicals
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36
Q

How is a stimulus detected?

A

By a receptor of the body

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37
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Is where two neurons meet

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38
Q

What happens at the synapse?

A

Chemicals flow from one neuron to the other across the synapse which transfers the electrical signal through the nerves.

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39
Q

What do endocrine glands release?

A

Hormones into the blood stream

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40
Q

What are hormones?

A

Are chemical messages, they are produced in the endocrine gland and travel in the brain to a target organ.
Examples of hormones include- insulin; oestrogen and testosterone

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41
Q

What does the Pancreas produce?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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42
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Raise blood glucose

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43
Q

What lowers blood glucose?

A

Insulin

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44
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Is storage carbohydrate round in the liver of animals

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45
Q

Where do hormones travel to?

A

Travel in the blood stream to target organ.

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46
Q

What does differentiated =?

A

Specialised

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47
Q

What happens once the hormone binds to its receptor?

A

It brings about a response

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48
Q

What do cells require glucose for?

A

For respiration in order to produce

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49
Q

Meaning of asexual reproduction?

A

One parent, offspring have no variation and are genetically identical to parent

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50
Q

Sex cells are?

A

Haploid

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51
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The fusion between a sperm cell and an egg cell

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52
Q

A zygote is?

A

Diploid

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53
Q

Body cells are?

A

Diploid

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54
Q

What is an oviduct?

A

The tube through which an egg passes from an ovary

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55
Q

Way does the sperm duct give to sperm?

A

Fluids which provide the sperm with nutrients.

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56
Q

How many sets of chromosomes are diploid?

A

Two sets of chromosomes

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57
Q

Gametes are haploid which means?

A

They only have one set of chromosomes

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58
Q

Where is the site of gamete production in males which are animals?

A

Testes

59
Q

What are the site of gamete production in females in animals?

A

Ovary

60
Q

What is the site of gamete production in males in plants?

A

Anther

61
Q

What is the site of gamete production in females in plants?

A

Ovary

62
Q

What is the name of gametes produced in males in animals?

A

Sperm

63
Q

What is the name of the gametes produced in females in animals?

A

Egg

64
Q

What’s the name given to gametes produced in the male in plants?

A

Pollen

65
Q

What’s the name given to the gametes produced in the female in plants?

A

Ovule (egg)

66
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Is the fusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes which produce a diploid zygote.

67
Q

What is variation?

A

Variation is the range or types of differences within organisms.

68
Q

What is discrete variation?

A

Is when inherited characteristics are controlled by a single gene and their appearance falls into distinct groups.

69
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Shows a range of variation between a minimum and a maximum. These characteristics are measured and controlled by several genes.

70
Q

Examples of discrete and continuous variation?

A

Discrete- black fur/ brown fur
Freckles / no freckles
Tounge roller / non roller

Continuos- seed length
Height in humans caused by many genes

71
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

Characteristic which show continuous variation are controlled by several/ many genes.

72
Q

What can alleles be said to be?

A

Dominant or recessive

73
Q

Which is stronger dominant or recessive?

A

Dominant always hides recessive

74
Q

What is a test-cross?

A

A breeding experiment to work out the genotype of an organism with a dominant.

75
Q

What is Haemoglobin?

A

Red pigment and carries oxygen around the body. Haemoglobin contains iron.

76
Q

What is the circulation?

A

Is the flow of blood around your body.

77
Q

What structures stop the back flow of blood?

A

Valves stop the blood flowing backwards when it leaves a heart chamber?

78
Q

Which chambers pump blood out of the heart?

A

Ventricles are pumping chambers.

79
Q

What is the name of the hearts four chambers?

A

Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.

80
Q

What side of the heart is the vena cava?

A

Right

81
Q

What side of the heart has the pulmonary artery?

A

Right atrium

82
Q

What side of the heart has the aorta?

A

Left atrium

83
Q

What side of the heart has the pulmonary vein?

A

Left atrium

84
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

85
Q

How many times does blood pass through the heart?

A

Twice when it makes a complete circuit of the body

86
Q

How is blood carried to and from the lungs?

A

To the lungs in the pulmonary artery and back to the heart in the pulmonary vein.

87
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Supply the cardiac muscle with food and oxygen for respiration for ATP/energy.

88
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

Artery (HIGH PRESSURE)

89
Q

What carries blood to body cells?

A

Capillaries

90
Q

What carries blood back to the heart?

A

Veins (LOW PRESSURE)

91
Q

What are capillaries designed for?

A

Diffusion ( one cell thick)

92
Q

Arteries are?

A

Thick and have NO valves

93
Q

Do veins have valves?

A

Yes

94
Q

Do capillaries have high or low pressure?

A

HIGH pressure

95
Q

What else do capillaries do?

A

Delivers food and oxygen to cells and removes wastes

96
Q

What do red blood cells don’t have?

A

No nucleus

97
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

A

Biconcave disc

98
Q

Where is red blood cells made?

A

In bone marrow

99
Q

How big are red blood cells?

A

Very small compared to other cells

100
Q

What is the equation of Haemoglobin?

A

Oxygen molecules + Haemoglobin -> oxyhemoglobin

101
Q

Where does the cross over of Haemoglobin happen?

A

In the ALVEOLI

102
Q

What does the red represent in the diagram of the heart?

A

Oxygenated

103
Q

What does the blue represent in the heart?

A

Deoxygenated

104
Q

What does the breathing system allow?

A

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood

105
Q

From lungs into blood = ?

A

Oxygen

106
Q

From blood into lungs = ?

A

Carbon dioxide

107
Q

What does an alveoli have?

A

A large surface area, thin lining and a good blood supply for more efficient diffusion of gases

108
Q

What does the rings of cartilage do?

A

Help keep the wind pipe open

109
Q

What does cilia have?

A

Tiny hairs to push away any fire and microbes

110
Q

What is digestion the break down of?

A

Large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

111
Q

What happens in the digestive system?

A

Food is broken down by enzymes and then the small molecules are absorbed into the body

112
Q

What is the small intestine designed for?

A

Absorption

113
Q

Where are the muscles contracted?

A

The muscles behind the food contacts.

114
Q

What happens to the muscle in front of the food?

A

Relax

115
Q

What are the 3 food groups?

A

Protein
Carbohydrate
Fat (lipid)

116
Q

What is the villi?

A

Is in the small intestine have a large surface area, thin walls and a good blood supply to aid absorption of glucose and amino acids.

117
Q

What looks after the stomata?

A

Guard cells

118
Q

What’s in the middle of a plant?

A

Lots of oxygen

119
Q

What is a phloem?

A

Is used to transports sugars (foods) in a plant

120
Q

What is the function of the lower/upper epidermis?

A

Transparent/protective layer

121
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?

A

Main site of photosynthesis

122
Q

What is the function of songs mesophyll cells?

A

Irregular and loosely arranged to allow diffusion of gases

123
Q

What is the function of a lead vein?

A

Transports water (in xylem) and food (in phloem)

124
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

Controls size of stomata

125
Q

What is the function of stoma?

A

Opening which allows gas exchange

126
Q

What is in a stomata?

A

Vacuole, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplast and guard cells

127
Q

Where is stomata found?

A

On the lower epidermis of a leaf

128
Q

What diffuses into and out of a leaf?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the league through the stomata and oxygen diffuses out l.

129
Q

What happens to water at the stomata?

A

Is lost through evaporation

130
Q

What controls the opening and closing of the stomata?

A

Guard cells

131
Q

When is stomata open and closed?

A

Open in the light closed in the dark

132
Q

Is xylem living or non-living?

A

Non-living

133
Q

Which direction of flow happens in the xylem?

A

Upward direction

134
Q

What are the lignin rings used for in the xylem?

A

They are used to support the xylem

135
Q

What is the flow in the phloem?

A

Flow in all directions

136
Q

What cells control the phloem?

A

Companion cells

137
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Is the loss of water through the leaves.

138
Q

What do root hair cells have?

A

A large surface area, this allows a larger volume of water to enter the cells by osmosis.

139
Q

What is changed to a xylem cell to withstand pressure changes as water moves through the plant?

A

Lignified

140
Q

What factors increase transpiration?

A

Light, wind and an increase in temperature

141
Q

What decreases transpiration?

A

Humidity and rain

142
Q

Examples of lifestyle choice could be high =

A

High- fat or high-salt diet, lack of excersise, use of tobacco and alcohol, or high-stress experiences

143
Q

What can happen to your body is a bad lifestyle is used?

A

Fatty deposits in blood vessels, blood clots, heart attacks, strokes, diabetes, and stress

Biology (6 decks)

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