Unit 2- Straight From the Jotter Flashcards
1
Q
What does a leaf cell have lots of?
A
Chloroplast
2
Q
What do multicellular organisms contain?
A
Contain specialised cells which are adapted for their function.
3
Q
What do differentiated cells look like?
A
High degree, look very different from each other, different shapes and functions
4
Q
What is a unicellular organism?
A
Is an organism which consists of only one cell.
5
Q
What are the levels of organisations put into order from smallest to largest?
A
Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
6
Q
What do red blood cells do?
A
Transports oxygen around the body
7
Q
What do white blood cells do?
A
Destroys bacteria and makes antibodies.
8
Q
What do ciliated cells do?
A
Moves bacteria and dust away from your lungs, pushing germs away.
9
Q
What does xylem vessels do?
A
Transport water and minerals up the plant.
10
Q
What do root hair cells do?
A
Absorbs minerals and water from the soil.
11
Q
What are the function of pollen cells?
A
Plant sex cells. Carries information to make new offspring
12
Q
What is the function of a mesophyll cell?
A
Makes food from sunlight by photosynthesis
13
Q
What is the function of a neuron?
A
Transmits signals through the body.
14
Q
What is the function of sperm cells?
A
Carries hereditary information from the father
15
Q
What is the function of an egg cell?
A
Carries hereditary information from the mother
16
Q
How do stem cells divide?
A
By mitosis
17
Q
What are stem cells?
A
Stem cells are unusual cells. Stem cells divide my mitosis. Stem cells have the potential to become different types of cells. Stem cells are the site of production of specialised cells in animals. Stem cells are involved in providing new cells for growth and repair.
18
Q
What are meristems?
A
Meristems are the site of cell division in plants.
19
Q
Where is the only place cells can divide in plants?
A
In the meristem
20
Q
Where are meristems found?
A
Root ends and shoot ends
21
Q
What are the cells in meristems?
A
Are non-specialised cells and after dividing these cells differentiate to form any plant cell and tissue.
22
Q
What is in the CNS?
A
Brain and spinal cord
23
Q
What happens if the spinal cord was to get damaged?
A
Become paralysed
24
Q
What do neurons do?
A
Move around being a single cell, carrying informations to brain and spinal cord.
25
What are the 3 parts to the brain?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla
26
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Intelligence and personality
27
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Controls balance, and coordinates your movements.
28
What is the function of the medulla?
Controls breathing, heart rate and heart beats
29
which is the biggest part of the brain?
Cerebrum
30
Which part of the brain is long and thin?
Medulla
31
What are the three nerve cells?
Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron
32
What is the function of the sensory neuron?
Have a receptor in a sense organ and carry the impulse into the CNS.
33
What is the function of the relay neuron?
This type of neuron acts as a connector between the sensory and motor neurons and are found only in the CNS
34
What are the functions of motor neurons?
Starts in the CNS and carries electrical impulses to muscle or gland. Muscle contract
35
What are stimuluses?
```
Ear- sound waves, vibrations
Eye- light
Nose- chemicals
Skin- pressure, temperature, pain
Toungue- chemicals
```
36
How is a stimulus detected?
By a receptor of the body
37
What is a synapse?
Is where two neurons meet
38
What happens at the synapse?
Chemicals flow from one neuron to the other across the synapse which transfers the electrical signal through the nerves.
39
What do endocrine glands release?
Hormones into the blood stream
40
What are hormones?
Are chemical messages, they are produced in the endocrine gland and travel in the brain to a target organ.
Examples of hormones include- insulin; oestrogen and testosterone
41
What does the Pancreas produce?
Insulin and glucagon
42
What does glucagon do?
Raise blood glucose
43
What lowers blood glucose?
Insulin
44
What is glycogen?
Is storage carbohydrate round in the liver of animals
45
Where do hormones travel to?
Travel in the blood stream to target organ.
46
What does differentiated =?
Specialised
47
What happens once the hormone binds to its receptor?
It brings about a response
48
What do cells require glucose for?
For respiration in order to produce
49
Meaning of asexual reproduction?
One parent, offspring have no variation and are genetically identical to parent
50
Sex cells are?
Haploid
51
What is a zygote?
The fusion between a sperm cell and an egg cell
52
A zygote is?
Diploid
53
Body cells are?
Diploid
54
What is an oviduct?
The tube through which an egg passes from an ovary
55
Way does the sperm duct give to sperm?
Fluids which provide the sperm with nutrients.
56
How many sets of chromosomes are diploid?
Two sets of chromosomes
57
Gametes are haploid which means?
They only have one set of chromosomes
58
Where is the site of gamete production in males which are animals?
Testes
59
What are the site of gamete production in females in animals?
Ovary
60
What is the site of gamete production in males in plants?
Anther
61
What is the site of gamete production in females in plants?
Ovary
62
What is the name of gametes produced in males in animals?
Sperm
63
What is the name of the gametes produced in females in animals?
Egg
64
What's the name given to gametes produced in the male in plants?
Pollen
65
What's the name given to the gametes produced in the female in plants?
Ovule (egg)
66
What is fertilisation?
Is the fusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes which produce a diploid zygote.
67
What is variation?
Variation is the range or types of differences within organisms.
68
What is discrete variation?
Is when inherited characteristics are controlled by a single gene and their appearance falls into distinct groups.
69
What is continuous variation?
Shows a range of variation between a minimum and a maximum. These characteristics are measured and controlled by several genes.
70
Examples of discrete and continuous variation?
Discrete- black fur/ brown fur
Freckles / no freckles
Tounge roller / non roller
Continuos- seed length
Height in humans caused by many genes
71
What is polygenic inheritance?
Characteristic which show continuous variation are controlled by several/ many genes.
72
What can alleles be said to be?
Dominant or recessive
73
Which is stronger dominant or recessive?
Dominant always hides recessive
74
What is a test-cross?
A breeding experiment to work out the genotype of an organism with a dominant.
75
What is Haemoglobin?
Red pigment and carries oxygen around the body. Haemoglobin contains iron.
76
What is the circulation?
Is the flow of blood around your body.
77
What structures stop the back flow of blood?
Valves stop the blood flowing backwards when it leaves a heart chamber?
78
Which chambers pump blood out of the heart?
Ventricles are pumping chambers.
79
What is the name of the hearts four chambers?
Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.
80
What side of the heart is the vena cava?
Right
81
What side of the heart has the pulmonary artery?
Right atrium
82
What side of the heart has the aorta?
Left atrium
83
What side of the heart has the pulmonary vein?
Left atrium
84
What is the heart made of?
Cardiac muscle
85
How many times does blood pass through the heart?
Twice when it makes a complete circuit of the body
86
How is blood carried to and from the lungs?
To the lungs in the pulmonary artery and back to the heart in the pulmonary vein.
87
What do the coronary arteries do?
Supply the cardiac muscle with food and oxygen for respiration for ATP/energy.
88
What carries blood away from the heart?
Artery (HIGH PRESSURE)
89
What carries blood to body cells?
Capillaries
90
What carries blood back to the heart?
Veins (LOW PRESSURE)
91
What are capillaries designed for?
Diffusion ( one cell thick)
92
Arteries are?
Thick and have NO valves
93
Do veins have valves?
Yes
94
Do capillaries have high or low pressure?
HIGH pressure
95
What else do capillaries do?
Delivers food and oxygen to cells and removes wastes
96
What do red blood cells don't have?
No nucleus
97
What is the shape of a red blood cell?
Biconcave disc
98
Where is red blood cells made?
In bone marrow
99
How big are red blood cells?
Very small compared to other cells
100
What is the equation of Haemoglobin?
Oxygen molecules + Haemoglobin -> oxyhemoglobin
101
Where does the cross over of Haemoglobin happen?
In the ALVEOLI
102
What does the red represent in the diagram of the heart?
Oxygenated
103
What does the blue represent in the heart?
Deoxygenated
104
What does the breathing system allow?
The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
105
From lungs into blood = ?
Oxygen
106
From blood into lungs = ?
Carbon dioxide
107
What does an alveoli have?
A large surface area, thin lining and a good blood supply for more efficient diffusion of gases
108
What does the rings of cartilage do?
Help keep the wind pipe open
109
What does cilia have?
Tiny hairs to push away any fire and microbes
110
What is digestion the break down of?
Large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules
111
What happens in the digestive system?
Food is broken down by enzymes and then the small molecules are absorbed into the body
112
What is the small intestine designed for?
Absorption
113
Where are the muscles contracted?
The muscles behind the food contacts.
114
What happens to the muscle in front of the food?
Relax
115
What are the 3 food groups?
Protein
Carbohydrate
Fat (lipid)
116
What is the villi?
Is in the small intestine have a large surface area, thin walls and a good blood supply to aid absorption of glucose and amino acids.
117
What looks after the stomata?
Guard cells
118
What's in the middle of a plant?
Lots of oxygen
119
What is a phloem?
Is used to transports sugars (foods) in a plant
120
What is the function of the lower/upper epidermis?
Transparent/protective layer
121
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?
Main site of photosynthesis
122
What is the function of songs mesophyll cells?
Irregular and loosely arranged to allow diffusion of gases
123
What is the function of a lead vein?
Transports water (in xylem) and food (in phloem)
124
What is the function of guard cells?
Controls size of stomata
125
What is the function of stoma?
Opening which allows gas exchange
126
What is in a stomata?
Vacuole, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplast and guard cells
127
Where is stomata found?
On the lower epidermis of a leaf
128
What diffuses into and out of a leaf?
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the league through the stomata and oxygen diffuses out l.
129
What happens to water at the stomata?
Is lost through evaporation
130
What controls the opening and closing of the stomata?
Guard cells
131
When is stomata open and closed?
Open in the light closed in the dark
132
Is xylem living or non-living?
Non-living
133
Which direction of flow happens in the xylem?
Upward direction
134
What are the lignin rings used for in the xylem?
They are used to support the xylem
135
What is the flow in the phloem?
Flow in all directions
136
What cells control the phloem?
Companion cells
137
What is transpiration?
Is the loss of water through the leaves.
138
What do root hair cells have?
A large surface area, this allows a larger volume of water to enter the cells by osmosis.
139
What is changed to a xylem cell to withstand pressure changes as water moves through the plant?
Lignified
140
What factors increase transpiration?
Light, wind and an increase in temperature
141
What decreases transpiration?
Humidity and rain
142
Examples of lifestyle choice could be high =
High- fat or high-salt diet, lack of excersise, use of tobacco and alcohol, or high-stress experiences
143
What can happen to your body is a bad lifestyle is used?
Fatty deposits in blood vessels, blood clots, heart attacks, strokes, diabetes, and stress
