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Biology > Unit 1- Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1- Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of cells?

A

Cells are the basic units of life. Every living organism is made up of one or more cells.

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2
Q

Examples of ultra structure?

A

Mitochondria and ribosomes. Such minute cells can only be seen in detail using an electron microscope.

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cells activities and passes information on from cell to cell.

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4
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

Controls passage of substances into and out of the cell.

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5
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria?

A

Is used for aerobic respiration.

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6
Q

Function of a cell wall?

A

Supports the cell.

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7
Q

Function of a chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis

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8
Q

Function of a ribosome?

A

Protein synthesis

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9
Q

What does a plant cell contain?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplast, cytoplasm, large central vacuole, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes.

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10
Q

What does an animal cell contain?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes.

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11
Q

What does a unicellular fungus cell contain?

A

Large cell vacuole, nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes.

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12
Q

What does a bacterium cell contain?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid, circular chromosome, ribosomes.

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13
Q

Which molecules make up the cell membrane?

A

Protein and lipids

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14
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the name given to the movement of molecules of a substance from a region of high concentration of that substance to a region of low concentration until the concentration gradient becomes equal.

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15
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration that exists between a region of high concentration and a region of low concentration is called the concentration gradient.

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16
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane, is a special case of diffusion.

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17
Q

What is a water concentration gradient?

A

The difference in water concentration that exists between two regions is called the water concentration gradient.

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18
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport is the movement of ions or molecules across the cell membrane from a low to a high concentration against a concentration gradient. This always required energy.

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19
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are threadlike structures found inside the nucleus of a plant and animal cells. Each chromosome carries information that is necessary for the development of the cell and the survival or the living organism to which it belongs.

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20
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process by which the nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei, each of which receives exactly the same number of chromosomes as were present in the original nucleus.

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21
Q

In mitosis what is the name given to the centre where the chromosomes meet?

A

Equator

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22
Q

What is used to pull chromosomes to the North Pole and South Pole in mitosis?

A

Spindle fibres

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23
Q

Each thread is called a?

A

Chromotid

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24
Q

How do you measure growth?

A

Growth is usually investigated by measuring changes in an organisms fresh mass, height or cell number over a period of time.

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25
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

DNA

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26
Q

What are the base pairings?

A

A-T G-C
Adenine to Thymine
Guanine to cytosine

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27
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids molecules are the building blocks of protein.

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28
Q

What is Messenger RNA?

A

A gene codes for a particular protein by making a messenger molecule that is complementary to one of DNA strands.

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29
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20 different types.

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30
Q

What is an enzyme made up of?

A

Several chains of amino acids folded and cooked in a particular way that exposed an active site.

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31
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers transported in an animals blood to target tissues where the bring about a particular effect.

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32
Q

What is the importance of enzymes?

A

Enzymes speed up the rate of all biochemical reactions yet remain unchanged by the process. They allow biochemical reactions to proceed rapidly at the relatively low temperatures needed by living cells to function properly.

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33
Q

What is a control?

A

A control is a copy of the experiment in which all factors are kept exactly the same except for the one being investigated in the original experiment.

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34
Q

What are anti bodies?

A

Anti bodies are protein molecules made by white blood cells to defend the body against micro-organisms that could cause disease.

35
Q

What are biological catalysts?

A

Biological catalysts are called enzymes. Enzymes are made by all living cells.

36
Q

What happens to an enzyme at very low temperatures?

A

Enzyme molecules are inactive but undamaged.

37
Q

What is meant by the optimum temperature?

A

The temperature at which most enzyme substrates molecular activity occurs is a value within the range of 35-40 degrees.

38
Q

What is denaturation?

A

At temperatures above 40 degrees and enzymes atoms vibrate so much that some of the chemical bonds holding its amino acids together break and the molecule begins to come apart. Soon the shape of its active site becomes altered and the enzyme is unable to fit with its substrate. An enzyme in this damaged state is said to be denatured. It is permanently inactive.

39
Q

What is an optimum pH?

A

Each enzyme is found to work best at a particular pH. Most enzymes function within a working pH range of about 5-9 with an optimum of around pH 7

40
Q

Which cell does not contain a cell wall?

A

Animal cell

41
Q

How does genetic information in the form of DNA get transferred from one cell to another?

A

Natural means
For example, a copy of a bacterial plasmid can be passed from one bacterium to another and the DNA in a virus can be inserted into a host cell that is being attacked by the virus.

42
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Transfer pieces of chromosomes containing sections of DNA from one organism such as a human being to another organism such as a bacterium.

43
Q

When is ‘genetically modified’ used?

A

When the organism has been ‘reprogrammed’.

44
Q

Products of genetic engineering?

A

Insulin and human growth hormone.

45
Q

What is glucose?

A

Glucose is a type of sugar and is an energy-rich substance. Glucose is the main source of energy in a living cell.

46
Q

When food is burned in air or in oxygen, it’s chemical energy is released rapidly as?

A

Heat and light.

47
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

Is an energy-rich chemical compound. A molecule of ATP is made of adenosine and three inorganic phosphate.

48
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

When an energy-rich substance such as glucose is gradually broken down during respiration in a living cell, it releases energy that is used to regenerate ATP.
ATP can rapidly revert ADP and Pi. This makes energy immediately available for energy-requiring processes.

49
Q

Examples of energy requiring processes?

A

Muscular contraction, cell division, synthesis of proteins, transmission of nerve impulses, active uptake of ions and molecule, carbon fixation during photosynthesis.

50
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the process by which chemical energy is released during the breakdown of a food such as glucose. It occurs in every living cell and involves the regeneration of the high-energy compound ATP by a complex series of biochemical reactions.

51
Q

What happens in the first stage of respiration?

A

The first stage of respiration is the breakdown of each molecule of glucose by a series of enzyme-controlled steps to form two molecules of pyruvate. This respiratory pathway also results in the production of two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose, it takes place in the cells cytoplasm and does not need oxygen to be present.

52
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

What happens with the pyruvate from stage one?

A

Each molecule of pyruvate (which diffuses into the mitochondria from the cytoplasm) is broke down by many enzyme-controlled steps.

54
Q

What happens in the fate of pyruvate?

A

This results in the formation of carbon dioxide, water and 18 molecules of ATP per molecule of pyruvate. Therefore the complete breakdown of one molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration generates 38 (2+18+18) molecules of ATP.

55
Q

Equation of aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

GLUCOSE+OXYGEN –> CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER

56
Q

What happens in fermentation?

A

This is the process by which energy is derived from the partial breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen.
Complete breakdown of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water cannot proceed in the absence of oxygen. Instead the pyruvate undergoes one of the following pathways.

57
Q

Lactic acid equation?

A

Glucose –> pyruvate –> lactic acid

58
Q

What is the energy generated by aerobic respiration used for?

A

Concert lactic acid back to pyruvate.

Described as a reversible process.

59
Q

Which type of respiration ALWAYS needs oxygen?

A

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

60
Q

In aerobic respiration how many ATP per molecule of glucose?

A

38

61
Q

In fermentation how many ATP per molecule of glucose?

A

2

62
Q

What is the end products of aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

63
Q

What is the end products in fermentation?

A

Lactic acid in animal cells; ethanol and carbon dioxide in plant cells.

64
Q

Where is aerobic respiration located?

A

Begins in the cytoplasm and completed in the mitochondria.

65
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

66
Q

What is the equation for fermentation in plant cells?

A

Glucose–> pyruvate –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

67
Q

Fermentation in plant cells is an _____ process?

A

irreversible process

68
Q

In which respiration is glucose completely broken down?

A

Aerobic respiration

69
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis consisted of a series of enzyme controlled reactions that allow green plants to make their own food.

70
Q

Where does the light come from in photosynthesis?

A

The sun

71
Q

Chloroplasts green pigment is called?

A

Chlorophyll

72
Q

Where is the sunlight trapped?

A

In the chlorophyll.

73
Q

what is a carbohydrate?

A

A carbohydrate is a compound containing the chemical elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combined together using energy.

74
Q

What is released as a by-product at stage one of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen

75
Q

What are the names of both the stages of photosynthesis?

A

Stage one- light reactions

Stage two- carbon fixation

76
Q

Equation of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water + light energy –> sugar + oxygen

77
Q

What happens in the light dependant stage of photosynthesis?

A

Light Energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy in the form of energy-rich ATP, which has been regenerated from ADP + Pi. Some energy is used during this stage to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen is release as a by-product and diffuses out of the plant. The hydrogen and ATP are used during the carbon stage.

78
Q

What happens in the carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis?

A

This stage of photosynthesis also occurs in the chloroplast. It consists of several enzyme-controlled reactions in the form of a cycle that result in carbon becoming ‘fixed’ into a sugar by combining with the hydrogen from the light dependant stage. ATP supplies energy needed to drive this process.

79
Q

What is the name given to cellulose?

A

Structural carbohydrate

80
Q

What is the name given to starch?

A

Storage carbohydrate

81
Q

What can carbohydrate also be converted into during photosynthesis!?

A

Fats and proteins

82
Q

What three things affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

TEMPERATURE
LIGHT INTENSITY
CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
(Tummy Love + Care)

83
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A limiting factor is a factor that holds up a process because it is in short supply.

84
Q

Impact of limiting factors?

A

If one of that factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis is limiting then the plant makes less sugar than it would under optimum conditions. Cell growth slows down and less food is stored as starch.

Biology (6 decks)

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