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Biology > Unit 1- Cell Biology NEED TO KNOW > Flashcards

Unit 1- Cell Biology NEED TO KNOW Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cell does not have a cell wall?

A

Animal cell

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2
Q

What are plant cells made of?

A

Cellulose

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3
Q

What is found in a plant cell?

A 
Cell wall
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Vacuole 
Nucleus 
Ribosomes
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4
Q

What is found inside an animal cell?

A 
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Ribsome
Cytoplasm 
Nucleus
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5
Q

What is found in a fungi cell?

A 
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes 
Mitochondria 
vacuole 
Nucleus
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6
Q

What is found in a bacterial cell?

A 
Cell wall
Cell membrane 
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm 
Plasmid
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7
Q

What does the cell membrane consist of?

A

Phospholipids and proteins and is selectively permeable

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8
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and DOES NOT require energy

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9
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecule through a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

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10
Q

What can happen to animal cells?

A

They can burst or shrink

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11
Q

What can happen to plant cells?

A

Become turgid or plasmolysed

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12
Q

Why does active transport require energy?

A

For membrane proteins to move molecules and ions against the concentration gradient.

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13
Q

What are body cells?

A

Diploid and have 2 sets of chromosomes

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14
Q

What is cell division called?

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

What is mitosis required for?

A

Growth and repair

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16
Q

What happens at the start of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes are made up of 2 chromotids.

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17
Q

Chromosomes line up at the?

A

Equator

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18
Q

Examples of aseptic techniques?

A

Washing hands
Safety goggles
Lab coat
Clean surface before and after starting

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19
Q

Cell culturing requires a?

A

Appropriate medium and the control of other factors like oxygen concentration, temperature and pH

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20
Q

What does DNA carry?

A

Genetic information for making protein

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21
Q

What shape is DNA

A

Double stranded helix held by complementary base pairs

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22
Q

What are the four bases, and which ones are complementary to whom?

A 
Adenosine 
Thymine 
Guanine
Cytosine 
A-T 
G-C
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23
Q

What does the base sequence determine?

A

The amino acid sequence in the protein

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24
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

A molecule which carries a complementary copy from the DNA, in the nucleus to a ribosomes, where the protein is assembled from amino acids.

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25
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts which are made by all living cells.

26
Q

What are enzymes involved in?

A

Synthesis and degradation reactions.

27
Q

Examples of proteins?

A

Structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors.

28
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up reactions, are unchanged in the process and always produce the same products.

29
Q

The enzymes active site is?

A

Complementary to a specific substrate

30
Q

When do enzymes work best?

A

In its optimum conditions

31
Q

How are enzymes affected?

A

Temperature and pH

32
Q

What can happen when an enzyme is denatured?

A

The active site changes shape and can no longer fit it’s specific substrate.

33
Q

How can genetic information be transferred from one cell to another?

A

Through genetic engineering

34
Q

What are the stages of genetic engineering?

A

Identify the section of DNA in the source chromosome that contains the required gene, extract the required gene, extract the vector/ bacterial plasmid, insert the plasmid into host cell and grow the modifies cells to produce a GM organism.

35
Q

Are enzymes required in genetic engineering?

A

YES

36
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water + light energy ———> sugar (glucose) + oxygen

37
Q

What is the name of stage one of photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions

38
Q

What is he name of stage two of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon fixation

39
Q

Where is the light energy trapped in stage one of photosynthesis?

A

In the plants chlorophyll is the chloroplast

40
Q

What is light energy converted into?

A

Chemical energy in the form of ATP

41
Q

In photosynthesis, what is water split into?

A

Hydrogen and oxygen

42
Q

What diffuses as a waste product in the first stage of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen

43
Q

How is hydrogen transferred to stage two of photosynthesis?

A

Attaches to a hydrogen acceptor molecule

44
Q

Limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Temperature
Light intensity
Carbon dioxide

45
Q

What happens at the carbon fixation stage?

A

A series of enzyme controlled reactions, which use hydrogen and ATP produced by the light reactions, together with carbon dioxide, to produce sugar.

46
Q

What can the chemical energy in sugar be used for?

A

For respiration or can be converted into other substances such as starch or cellulose

47
Q

What is respiration?

A

Is a set of enzyme controlled reactions which releases chemical energy in a glucose molecule.

48
Q

The energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to make?

A

ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)
Know the equation
ADP + Pi + energy —–> ATP

49
Q

The energy released from respiration can be used for?

A

Mitosis, muscle contraction, protein synthesis and transmission of nerve impulses

50
Q

In respiration what is glucose broken down into?

A

Pyruvate and then to carbon dioxide and water IF OXYGEN IS PRESENT

51
Q

Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen produced how many molecules of ATP?

A

38!!!!

52
Q

If oxygen is absent what takes place?

A

Fermentation

53
Q

How many molecules of ATP does fermentation produce?

A

2!!

54
Q

Fermentation in animal cells, glucose if broken down into what?

A

Lactic acid

55
Q

the glucose in fermentation I’m plants is broken down into what?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

56
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A

In the cytoplasm and the process of fermentation is completed in the cytoplasm

57
Q

Where does AEROBIC respiration start and finish?

A

Starts in the cytoplasm and is then completed in the mitochondria

58
Q

How do you measure the rate of respiration?

A

Repirometers

59
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The movement of substances from a region of high concentration of that substance to a region of low concentration until the concentration becomes equal.

60
Q

Meaning of turgid?

A

Swollen and hard. It takes up water by osmosis but the cell wall prevents it from bursting and the cell hardens.
This is what makes the green parts of the leaf stand up in the sun light.

61
Q

What is meant by plasmolysed?

A

When plant cells are placed in concentrated sugar solutions, they lose water by osmosis. They are said to be flaccid, this is the exact opposite of turgid. The contents of the cell have began to shrink and this is said to be plasmolysed

Biology (6 decks)

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