Unit 2: Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

A

Hindsight Bias

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2
Q

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

A

Critical Thinking

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3
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

A

Theory

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4
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

A

Hypothesis

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5
Q

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

A

Operational Definition

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6
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

A

Replication

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7
Q

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

A

Case Study

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8
Q

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

A

Naturalistic Observation

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9
Q

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

A

Survey

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10
Q

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.

A

Sampling Bias

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11
Q

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

A

Population

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12
Q

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

A

Random Sample

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13
Q

A measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other.

A

Correlation

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14
Q

A statistical index of the relationship between two variables.

A

Correlation Coefficient

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15
Q

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.

A

Scatterplot

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16
Q

The perception of a relationship where none exists.

A

Illusory Correlation

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17
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable)

A

Experiment

18
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, one version of the independent variable.

A

Experimental Group

19
Q

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment.

A

Control Group

20
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and controls groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.

A

Random Assignment

21
Q

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.

A

Double-Blind Procedure

22
Q

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which recipient assumes is an active agent.

A

Placebo Effect

23
Q

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

A

Independent Variable

24
Q

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.

A

Confounding Variable

25
Q

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

A

Dependent Variable

26
Q

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

A

Validity

27
Q

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

A

Descriptive Statistics

28
Q

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution.

A

Histogram

29
Q

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.

A

Mode

30
Q

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

A

Mean

31
Q

The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.

A

Median

32
Q

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.

A

Skewed Distribution

33
Q

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

A

Range

34
Q

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.

A

Standard Deviation

35
Q

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes.

A

Normal Curve

36
Q

Numerical data that allow one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population.

A

Inferential Statistics

37
Q

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

A

Statistical Significance

38
Q

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

A

Culture

39
Q

An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

A

Informed Consent

40
Q

The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

A

Debriefing