Unit 2: Prejudice Flashcards
prejudice
a negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members (attitude)
discrimination
unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group (behavior)
stereotypes
a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people based on generalizations
old-fashion racism
ascribing negative traits and opposing equal rights
modern racism
deny discrimination, opposing efforts that promote equality, rejecting minorities for other reasons
explicit prejudice
we’re aware that we have and are able to articulate our views
explicit prejudice predicts Bx
that we have conscious control over
implicit prejudice
negative associations toward a group that we don’t even know we have or aren’t willing to share
implicit prejudice predicts Bx that
we do not have conscious control over (body language)
motivational source of prejudice - realistic group conflict theory
prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources
example of realistic group conflict theory
Jews in the Holocaust - German economy declined, Jews used as scapegoat
motivational source of perjudice - social identity theory
part of our self-concept is in our groups, so we favor our in-group (in group bias) and derogate out-group to boost our self-esteem
minimal group paradigm study
people arbitrarily told they overestimated or underestimated number of dots - they then awarded people in their own group more money
cognitive source of prejudice - group categorization
we underestimate between-group similarity and overestimate in-group similarity
line study for group categorization
no pattern of estimation when unlabeled, but when labeled A or B greater overestimation of differences in length
cognitive source of prejudice - social categorization
classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes (outgroup homogeneity effect)
cognitive source of prejudice - illusory correlation
people overestimate the link between variables that are slightly or not correlated
illusory correlation made when
variables are disctinctive (unusual) but already expected to go together
illusory correlation example
white people overestimate the arrest rate of black people
cognitive source of prejudice - confirmation bias example
people listen to same audio recording of basketball game, led to believe player was black or white - rated black player as more athletic and rated white player as “more court smart”
prejudice and self-fulfilling prohpecy study
white interviewers trained in different styles - all white Ps interviewed - Ps treated like how Black applicants are normally treated performed worse than Ps treated like white applicants
stereotype threat
fear that one will be reduced to a stereotype in the eyes of others - leads to underperformance
stereotype threat and academic achievement
black and white standford students told test was diagnostic of intelligence OR not diagnostic - white students performed same, black students performed worse when told test was diagnostic
stereotype and multiple identities study
asian women reminded of asian identity, women identity, or neither, then took math exam - when asian primed, performance increased but when women primed performance decreased
reduce stereotype threat by
deemphasize stereotype, reframe task as nondiagnostic, self-affirmation, think of intelligence as malleable (not fixed)
contact hypothesis
contact between majority and minority group members will decrease prejudice to disprove inaccurate stereotypes
Allport on contact hypothesis
contact hypothesis only valid when contact occurs between people of equal status in pursuit of common goals
contact hypothesis Sherif’s Robber Cave study
through competition, created hostility between two groups of equal status boys at a camp - try to ameliorate hostility with activities like watching movies together - only opened more opportunities for aggression
Sherif’s Robber Cave study resulted in decreased prejudice when
cooperative contact - emergencies were created (breakdown of water supplu, etc.) forced them to work together
