Unit 2 - Population & Health and Migration Flashcards
Arithmetic density is a measurement of
population density;
calculated by dividing the population of a country or region by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit area
Country with the lowest arithmetic density
Canada
Physiological density
the number of people per unit area of arable (farmable/agriculturally productive) land
-reflects population pressure
Countries with low arithmetic density but high physiological density
Switzerland, Egypt
Ecumene
The area of Earth’s surface that is inhabited by permanent human settlement - the land where people have made their permanent home, and to all work areas that are considered occupied and used for agricultural or any other economic purpose.
Locations of four largest population concentrations in the world
East Asia, South Asia, Europe, North America
Problems associated with high population growth in cities
lack of resources (ie water, housing)
environmental pollution
lack of basic infrastructure (i.e. jobs, education, housing, electricity, and public transportation)
The largest population in North America resides in
East Coast - from Washington DC to south of Boston, MA
-includes Washington DC, Baltimore, Philadelphia, NYC, Boston, Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec City
Regions of the world with high crude birth rate (CBR)
Subsaharan Africa
Historical world population trend
People tend to congregate in agriculturally productive places, leading to a high correlation between arable land and population density (cities).
Crude Birth Rate
the number of live births per thousand people in a population in a given year
Crude Death Rate
the number of deaths per thousand people in a population in a given year
Reasons for high population growth rate in developing countries
religious/cultural norms, lack of education and proffesional prospects for women, little access to birth control/contraceptives
Thomas Malthus
British economist that published An Essay on the Principles of Population warning that the global population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it. Population grows exponentially while food supplies grow linearally.
Ways a country can slow down birth rates
restrictive population policies
toleration of officially unapproved methods of birh control to outright prohibition of large families
example of restrictive/anti-natalist population policy
China’s one-child policy
example of expansive/pro-natalist population policy
social policies that encourage families through tax incentivies and exapnsion of family-friendly social services
-former Soviet Union and China under Mao Zedong
involuntary migration (forced)
imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary movements that cannot be understood based on theories of choice (ie war, dictatorship)
voluntary migration
occurs after a migrant weighs options and choices, even if somewhat desparately or not so rationally
Ravenstein’s Laws
- Each migration flow generates a return or counterflow.
- The majority of migrants move only a short distance.
- Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations
- Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.
- Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
push factor
conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place (i.e. economic instability, war, poverty, environmental catastrophes)
pull factors
the circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places (i.e. educational and occupational opportunities, security, higher standard of living)
Which century did the US experience record number of immigrants?
late 19th century, Early 20th century.
1930-present
Intervening Obstacle
Any forces or factors that may limit human migration.
i.e. new job opportunity
Brain drain
Large-Scale emigration by talented people
Example: When Doctors, Researchers, Scientists and other professionals migrate to countries where they can make better use of their abilities
The pattern of interregional African-American migration out of the South to the
Northeast and Midwest
World pop 2000 years ago
250 million
first doubling time of world pop
16 centuries
second doubling time of world pop
170 years
current doubling time of world pop
54 years
