Chapter 11 - Agriculture Flashcards
primary economic sector
involve the extraction of economically valuable products and resources from the earth
primary economic sector; examples
agriculture, ranching, hunting and gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying
secondary economic sector
involve the processing, assembling, or manufacture of raw materials into products
secondary economic sector; examples
manufacture of toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, and construction
tertiary economic sector
service industries that connect producers to consumers and facilitate commerce and trade or help people meet their needs
tertiary economic sector; examples
bankers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, nurses, salespeople, clerks, and secretaries
Guatemala’s agricultural sector produces 26% of the country’s GDP and employs more than _____% of the labor force.
a) 10
b) 22.7
c) 25
d) 50
d) 50
The ratio of percent of labor force to percent of GDP in the agricultural sector of Canada (3% of labor force: 2.3% of GDP) indicates that Canada’s agricultural sector is _____ intensive.
a) labor
b) machine
c) subsistence
d) small scale
b) machine
According to Carl Sauer, the earliest plant domestication _____
a) was prompted by scarcity.
b) probably involved planting root crops.
c) was associated with seed crops.
d) was occurred in tropical middle America.
b) probably involved planting root crops.
Most scholars believe that seed cultivation (First Agricultural Revolution) occurred in _____
a) Asia.
b) the Fertile Crescent.
c) tropical Africa.
d) the Nile Valley.
b) the Fertile Crescent.
According to Spencer & Thomas, each agricultural hearth was associated with a local grouping of plants. For example, taro, yams, and bananas are associated with the ______ hearth.
Southeast Asian
Which is NOT an example of a primary economic activity?
a) corn flake production
b) iron ore production
c) lobster fishing
d) forestry
a) corn flake production
According to Spencer and Thomas, each agricultural hearth was associated with a local grouping of plants. For example, taro, yams, and bananas are associated with the _____ hearth.
a) Meso-American
b) Southeast Asian
c) Southwest Asian
d) Ethiopia-East African
b) Southeast Asian
Often crops are associated with regions other than the one in which they were developed. For example, the “Irish” or “Idaho” potato originated in the Andean Highlands. Corn of the American “Corn Belt” originated in _____
a) West Africa.
b) the Fertile Crescent.
c) Central America.
d) Southeast Asia.
c) Central America
- Goats were domesticated 10,000 years ago in the Zagros Mountain region of _____
a) Southeast Asia.
b) North Africa.
c) the Fertile Crescent.
d) Greece.
c) the Fertile Crescent.
Cattle were domesticated in and came to be an important feature of _____
a) Southeast Asia.
b) Central Asia.
c) South Asia.
d) North Africa.
c) South Asia
Of the 148 species of large herbivores (over 100 lbs.) _____ have been domesticated and all of these were domesticated over 4,500 years ago.
a) 75
b) 52
c) 26
d) 14
d) 14
- The source region for the domestication of hemp, eggplants, and mangoes is _____
a) the upper southeast Asian midland.
b) eastern India and western Burma.
c) southwest Asia
d) Meso-America.
b) eastern India and western Burma
A form of tropical subsistence agriculture in which fields are rotated after short periods of crop production is _____
a) subsistence rice cultivation.
b) subsistence wheat cultivation.
c) shifting cultivation.
d) nomadic herding.
c) shifting cultivation.
- Shifting agriculture developed primarily _____
a) in tropical and subtropical zones.
b) where soils cleared for farming quickly lose their nutrients.
c) where traditional farmers had to abandon land after the soil became infertile.
d) all of the above.
d) all of the above.
- In areas of shifting cultivation the population _____
a) increases significantly.
b) cannot have a high density.
c) must be large enough to provide surplus labor.
d) never lives in permanent settlements.
b) cannot have a high density.
Colonial powers would make subsistence farmers _____
a) grow cash crops only.
b) farm on plantations in addition to farming their own land.
c) grow cash crops in addition to food crops the farmer needed to survive.
d) buy commercial fertilizer at fixed prices.
c) grow cash crops in addition to food crops the farmer needed to survive.
64
C
The Second Agricultural Revolution can generally be traced to Europe within what time frame?
a) nineteenth and twentieth century.
b) twelfth and thirteenth century
c) fourteenth and fifteenth century
d) seventeenth and eighteenth century
d) seventeenth and eighteenth century
_____ have changed as rural residents cope with shifting economic, political, and environmental conditions.
a) Land-use patterns
b) Land ownership arrangements
c) Agricultural labor conditions
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
- Which commodity would be found closest to the market town in von Thunen’s model?
a) beef
b) firewood
c) wheat
d) milk
d) milk
- In von Thunen’s model there was a concentric circle of forest around the city because _____
a) it would provide lumber and firewood.
b) it would filter out pollution.
c) it provided a recreation area.
d) it would contain the growth of the city.
a) it would provide lumber and firewood.
- By 1992, the most widely grown crop variety on Earth was a product of the Green Revolution called IR36, which was a variety of _____
a) rice.
b) wheat.
c) maize.
d) potatoes.
a) rice.
- In the 1940s, American philanthropists funded research on this crop. By 1960, Mexico no longer depended on imports as production had risen dramatically. The crop is: _____
a) coffee.
b) corn (maize).
c) wheat.
d) tomatoes.
b) corn (maize).
- The rectangular land division scheme in the United States adopted after the American Revolution is quite unique. Its correct name is: _____
a) long-lot system.
b) metes and bounds system.
c) township-and-range system.
d) Franklin’s system.
c) township-and-range system.
- The basic unit of the township-and-range system, the section, has an area of _____
a) 1 acre.
b) 160 acres.
c) 1 square mile.
d) 36 square miles.
c) 1 square mile.
- The township-and-range system is to the American Plains as the long-lot survey system is to _____
a) French America.
b) Japan.
c) Germany.
d) South Africa.
a) French America.
- The form of villages still existing in many rural landscapes that are reminders of a turbulent past is _____
a) walled.
b) linear.
c) round.
d) grid.
- The form of villages still existing in many rural landscapes that are reminders of a turbulent past is _____
a) walled.
b) linear.
c) round.
d) grid.
- According to Koppen-Geiger climate classification, the UK has a _____
a) humid cold climate with no dry season.
b) humid temperature climate with no dry season and a cool summer.
c) humid temperature climate with a dry winter.
d) humid temperature climate with a dry summer.
b) humid temperature climate with no dry season and a cool summer.
- Mediterranean agriculture is found in _____
a) eastern Spain, northern Italy, and northern Egypt.
b) eastern Italy, Greece, northern Tunisia, and eastern Brazil.
c) southern coastal California, central Chile, and Italy.
d) along the northern shore of the Mediterranean and northern Egypt.
c) southern coastal California, central Chile, and Italy.
- Examples of luxury crops include: _____
a) wheat and sugar.
b) coffee and tobacco.
c) cacao and corn.
d) tobacco and potatoes.
b) coffee and tobacco.
- In villages everywhere, social stratification is reflected by _____
a) the dress of the population
b) the street pattern.
c) the range and quality of village houses.
d) commercial buildings.
c) the range and quality of village houses.
- Poorer countries, producing such cash crops as sugar, _____
a) set the market price themselves.
b) are at the mercy of the purchasing countries that set the prices.
c) plant less in order to drive up the prices.
d) cooperate with each other in order to determine global prices and demand.
b) are at the mercy of the purchasing countries that set the prices.
- Twenty-five percent of world sugar production takes place outside of the tropical plantation region (U.S.A., Western Europe, Russia) and is produced from _____
a) genetically-modified, cold-tolerant sugar cane.
b) sugar beets.
c) wood cellulose.
d) artificial food chemical processes.
b) sugar beets.
- Coffee was domesticated in Ethiopia. Today, 70% of production is in _____
a) Southeast Asia.
b) South Asia.
c) East Africa.
d) Middle and South America.
d) Middle and South America.
- Coffee growers certified as Fair Trade producers have the following characteristics:
a) they form democratically run cooperatives
b) they are guaranteed a higher price for their coffee
c) they are connected to fair trade certified producer organizations worldwide
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Retailers who are certified Fair Traders return up to __ percent of the retail price of an item to the producer.
40
- Which of the following agricultural activities is widespread in the northwestern U.S. and northwestern Europe?
a) dairying
b) cotton growing
c) citrus protection
d) sugar beet production
a) dairying
- Which of the following fairly small areas of wheat production still have major export trade?
a) Canada and United States
b) Ukraine and Kazakhstan
c) Russia and Canada
d) Argentina and Australia
d) Argentina and Australia
world’s leading exporter of rice
United States
rice cultivation in Southeast Asia is largely
labor-intensive and subsistence agriculture
form of agriculture that relates to climate
Mediterranean
