Unit 2 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration TJB Flashcards
Autotroph
An autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.
Light Reactions
The light reactions capture energy from sunlight, which they change to chemical energy that is stored in molecules of NADPH and ATP.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a pigment that gives plants their green color, and it helps plants create their own food through photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy.
Electron Transport Chain
A process in which the NADH and [FADH2] produced during glycolysis, β-oxidation, and other catabolic processes are oxidized thus releasing energy in the form of ATP.
Calvin Cycle
The Calvin cycle reactions use chemical energy from NADPH and ATP that were produced in the light reactions to create glucose
NADPH
They donate electrons during the process of cellular respiration and helps in the oxidation of glucose.
Pigment
A pigment is any coloured material found in a plant or animal cell.
Granum
A stack of coin-shaped thylakoids in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
Stomata
Stomata are tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange.
Carbon fixation
Carbon fixation is the process by which plants and algae convert the carbon found in inorganic molecules into fuel for cellular respiration.
Heterotroph
A heterotroph is an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.
Thylakoids
flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place.
Carotenoids
pigments in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria that produce the bright yellow, red, and orange colors in plants, vegetables, and fruits.
Mitochondrial matrix
The matrix is the space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).
Fermentation
Fermentation is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even if oxygen is not available.
NAD+
NAD+ is a coenzyme molecule involved in a number of important biological processes such as the transport of high-energy electrons for the production of ATP via aerobic respiration.
Alcoholic Fermentation
A type of fermentation that converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water.
NADH
NADH is a universal coenzyme that plays a central role in cellular metabolism. It acts as a donor and acceptor of electrons in redox reactions.
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration is the type of respiration through which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions.
Krebs Cycle
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
Pyruvic Acid
Pyruvic acid is a water-soluble, organic liquid that is produced by breaking down carbohydrates and sugars through glycolysis.
Citric Acid
Citric acid is an organic acid produced primarily by microbial fermentation.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
ADP
ADP is a biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates. Its most important role is that it is combined with a phosphate molecule to make ATP.
