Unit 2 - Pharmacology Guiding Questions ch. 28 Flashcards
Primary endocrine glands
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and gonads
hypothalamus hormones and releasing factors
-growth hormone - releasing hormone (↑ GH release)
-growth hormone - inhibitory hormone (↓ GH release)
-gonadotropin - releasing hormone (↑ LH and FSH release)
-thyrotropin - releasing hormone (↑ TSH release)
-corticotropin - releasing hormone (↑ ACTH release)
-prolactin - inhibitory factor (↓ Pr release)
pituitary hormones
(Anterior lobe)
-growth hormone (↑ tissue growth and development)
-luteinizing hormone (female: ↑ ovulation; ↑ estrogen and progesterone synthesis from corpus luteum) (Male: ↑ testosterone synthesis)
-follicle - stimulating hormone (Female: ↑ follicular development and estrogen synthesis) (Male: enhance spermatogenesis)
-thyroid - stimulating hormone (↑ synthesis of thyroid hormones)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (↑ adrenal steroid synthesis)
-prolactin (initiates lactation)
(Posterior lobe)
-antidiuretic hormone (↑ renal reabsorption of water)
-oxytocin (↑ uterine contraction; ↑ milk ejection during lactation)
thyroid hormones
-thyroxine
-triiodothyronine
(Increase cellular metabolism; facilitate normal growth and development)
parathyroid hormones
-parathormone
(Increase blood calcium)
pancreas hormones
-glucagon
(Increase blood glucose)
-insulin
(Decrease blood glucose; increase carbohydrate, protein and fat storage)
adrenal cortex hormones
-glucocorticoids
(Regulate glucose metabolism; enhance response to stress)
-mineralocorticoids
(Regulate fluid and electrolyte levels)
adrenal medulla hormones
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
(Vascular and metabolic effects that facilitate increased physical activity
testes hormones
-testosterone
(Spermatogenesis; male sexual characteristics)
ovaries hormones
-estrogens
-progesterone
(Female reproductive cycle and sexual characteristics)
hormone categories
steroid hormones (chemical framework derived from lipids)
peptide hormones (amino acids linked together in a specific sequence)
extrinsic factors
environmental stimuli such as pain, temperature, light, and smell
intrinsic factors
humoral and neural factors (levels of ions and metabolites)
negative feedback system
an increase in the release of a specific hormone ultimately serves to inhibit its own release, preventing the amount of the released hormone from being excessive.
positive feedback system
rising concentrations of one hormone cause an increase in other hormones. (Menstrual cycle)
locations of hormone receptors
surface of the plasma membrane, within the cytosol, and on the chromatin within the cell nucleus
issues with hormone substitution/replacement
difficulty with regulation of optimal dosage, the interaction of the exogenous drug with other endogenous hormone systems, and drug-induced side effects
treatment of hyperactive or inappropriate endocrine function
-pts take drugs that directly inhibit the synthesis of the hormone or inhibit its release through various negative feedback mechanisms
-pts may use hormone antagonists for prolonged periods to attenuate the effects of excessive hormone production
exploitation of beneficial hormone example
glucocorticoids to treat inflammation
why can administration of exogenous hormones affect the normal release of hormones
because of the intrinsic control mechanisms in the endocrine system
example of using hormone in nonendocrine disease
glucocorticoids to treat cancer
drugs to block cardiac beta-1 receptors helping to control angina and hypertension
