Unit 2 Outcome 2: Crime

Question 1

Crime

Answer 1

An act that violates the written laws of society created by the government, which are enacted upon through enforced sanctions.

Question 2

Victim (crime):

Answer 2

An individual, premises, organisation or motor vehicle that has had an unlawful act inflicted upon it.

Question 3

Moral Consensus

Answer 3

An internalised common belief within society as a result of socialisation.

Question 4

Crimes against the person

Answer 4

Acts that are against other persons that include threatening, harassing or injuring another person or depriving them of their freedoms.

Question 5

Crimes against property:

Answer 5

Acts that are intended to damage or destroy homes, businesses or land, or involve household burglary or vehicle theft.

Question 6

Victimless Crime:

Answer 6

Acts that involve a crime whereby all individuals consent to the criminal activity and whereby nobody is harmed in the process. (eg. prostitution).

Question 7

White-collar crime:

Answer 7

Non-violent economic crimes including fraud and embezzlement that were originally perpetrated by office workers and professionals in the middle-class against businesses.

Question 8

Corporate Crime:

Answer 8

Criminal acts carried out by corporations.

Question 9

Sentencing:

Answer 9

A process by which a penalty is chosen by a court to be applied to a convicted defendant.

Question 10

Punishment:

Answer 10

A process which involves an authority applying an unfavourable consequence to an individual who violates the laws of society

Question 11

Types of formal punishments:

Answer 11

Reprimands, fines, incarceration and deprivation of rights

Question 12

Proportionality:

Answer 12

Modern concept, a range of punishments to fit different crimes.

Question 13

Four purposes of formal punishment:

Answer 13

Retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation and societal protection.

Question 14

Retribution:

Answer 14

Punishment aimed at applying a proportionate penalty to the suffering or loss of the victim.

Question 15

Deterrence:

Answer 15

A warning or threat of punishment aimed at preventing the breaking of a low by would-be offenders or preventing reoffending.

Question 16

Rehabilitation

Answer 16

Treatment for offenders through therapy and education that attempts to reintegrate them into society by changing their deviant attitudes and actions towards the law.

Question 17

Social Protection:

Answer 17

Removing the opportunities for offenders to re-commit crime by methods of incapacity or placing them outside society in prisons.

Question 18

Restorative Justice:

Answer 18

Alternative forms of justice that replace punitive measures with community-based sentencing focused on raising awareness in the offender of the consequences of their crime on others to prevent recidivism.

Question 19

Encounter Stage:

Answer 19

Involves the victim, community, offender and mediator to discuss the crime and its aftermath. Typically includes a meeting, narrative, emotion, understanding and agreement.

Question 20

Amending Stage:

Answer 20

Offender takes steps to repair the harm caused to the victim & community. This may be: An apology, changed behaviour, restitution (reimbursing) and generosity.

Question 21

Reintegration Stage:

Answer 21

The restoration of all parties so that the stigma of being a victim or offender can be broken down and both can contribute meaningfully to society again.

Question 22

Inclusion Stage:

Answer 22

All parties agreeing to a resolution.

Question 23

4 stages of restorative justice:

Answer 23

Victim-offender mediation/family group conferencing
• Encounter
• Amending
• Reintegration
• Inclusion

Question 24

Proportionality:

Answer 24

A range of punishments to fit different crimes

Question 25

Recidivism:

Answer 25

Repeat offending by individuals despite being previously convicted, sentenced and punished for a criminal offence

Question 26

Influence on levels of recorded crime:

Answer 26

Political, economic, technological, social and cultural factors.

Question 27

Age crime data:

Answer 27

• Children under 10 can’t be charged, can be charged as a child until 18.
• Younger people more likely to receive warnings, cautions and conferences.
• Crime victimisation varies, different ages more commonly targeted for different crimes.
• Younger people offend more.

Question 28

Gender:

Answer 28

• Males more likely to be victims of homicides and robbery, females sexual assault.
• Significantly more male offenders charged and incarcerated.

Question 29

Socioeconomic status:

Answer 29

• Data hard to tell, higher crime rate in higher areas of unemployment.
• Lower socioeconomic status people more likely to be victims of crime.

Question 30

Ethnicity:

Answer 30

• Overrepresentation of Aboriginals in the prison system.

* People not born in Australia are more likely to commit crimes.

Question 31

Factors contributing to crime:

Answer 31

Social class, mental health problems, poverty, addiction, abuse, rebellion.

Question 32

Utilitarianism

Answer 32

More progressive forms of punishment that use methods such as deterrence, rehabilitation and societal protection.