Unit 2- Multi Organisms Flashcards
How do we get new cells?
–> mitosis
Why is mitosis
important?
–> to grow (increase number of cells)
–> repair damaged cells
–> replace dead cells
What is a chromosome?
–> coiled up dna thread.
Where are chromosomes found?
–> nucleus
What is chromosome complements?
–> the whole set of chromosomes in the nucleus
–> different things have different amount of chromosomes pairs
–> human has 23 pairs (46 chromosomes)
What is a haploid and diploid?
Haploid
–> 1 set of chromosomes.
(Half)
Dipoild
–> 2 sets of chromosomes.
(Double)
How do cells have the same number of chromosomes after mitosis?
–> single strands become double before mitosis
What are the parts in a double stranded chromosome?
–> Centromere
- small ball connecting
–> chromatide (1 and 2)
- the thread at top
What are the stages of mitosis?
1) chromosomes become visible as threads
2) single chromosomes become double
3) chromosomes line up along the equator
4) spindle fibers pull apart chromosomes to opposite sides (poles)
5) membrane forms around both sets of chromosomes and cytoplasm starts to divide
6) 2 identical daughter cells are formed, the same as the mother cell, diopolid chromosomes are kept the same
What can uncontrollable cell division do?
–> cause cancer
–> cause tumours
Cell count formula?
Convert time.
÷ by 1 cell division
× by 2
What is a specialised cell?
A cell without a specific function
Speculation of cells?
–> cell
–> tissue
–> organ
–> system
Hierarchy of the body
–> cell
–> tissue
–> organ
–> system
What can stem cells do?
–> they can do mitosis
–> they can turn into specialised cells
Ethical concerns of using embro stem cells?
–> seen as a sort of destruction of life
What is a stem cell?
–> cells without a job that can replace themselves and make themselves have jobs
Where can we obtain human cells?
–> embryonic
–> tissue stem cells
What does — stand for:
T
C
G
A
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Complementary pairs?
T-A
C-G
What is inside the nervous system?
–> central nervous system
–> other nerves
(peripheral nervous system)
What is in the central nervous system?
–> Brian
–> spinal cord
What does the central nervous system control?
–> receiving information from organs and responding to them
What is the name of the nerve cells carried from the Brian to the organs?
–> neurons
Name the parts of the Brian
–> cerebrum
–> cerebellum
–> medulla
Function of cerebrum?
–> sensing
–> thinking
–> imagination
Function of cerebellum?
–> controls balance
–> muscle coordination
Function of medulla?
–> involuntarily things
–> breathing
–> heart rate
Response to stimuli?
Can be a rapid action from a muscle or a slower response
Types of neutrons?
–> sensory
–> inter
–> motor
What is the inter neutron?
–> works in the central nervous system, takes information from senses that require responses
What is a motor neutron?
–> enables a response to occur at an effector
How does the central nervous system 2 forms of information transfer?
–> electrical impulse
–> chemical messenger
What is electrical impulse?
–> carries messages along the neurons
What is chemical messenge?
–> passes the message between neurons, at synapses
What is the synapse?
–> The gap between 2 neutrons
–> electrical impulse hits end of the neuron and triggers releases a chemical
–> chemical is picked up by receptor and goes to the next neutron and so on
What is a reflex response?
–> automatic actions
–> reflexes protect the human body from harm
3 types of neurons that form a reflex arc?
–> sensory
–> inter
–> motor
What is a sensory neuron?
–> carries electrical impulses from organs to the central nervous system
What is a inter neutron?
–> carries electrical impulse from sensory neuron to the motor neutron
What is a motor neutron?
–> carries electrical impulses from the central nervous system to muscle or gland
Reflex arc steps?
–> Detected a stimuli
(sensory neuron)
–> chemical signals transfer at synapse
(Inter neurons)
–> detected nerve responses
(Motor neuron)
Sequences of reflex arc
Stimuli
Receptors
Sensory neuron
Inter neuron
Motor neuron
Effectors
Response
What are harmones?
–> signals in the body
–> usually slower but with a longer lasting response
What are harmones made of?
–> proteins
–> act as chemical messengers
Where do harmones release from?
–> Endocrine glands
What is in the endocrine glands?
–> pancreas
–> ovaries
–> testes
–> pituitary
–> thyroid
–> adrenal
Pituitary
harmone produced
Hormon effect
–> growth harmone
–> stimulates growth
Thyroid
harmone produced
Hormon effect
–> thyroxin
–> controls metabolism
Adrenal
harmone produced
Hormon effect
–> adrenaline
–> make you think fight of flight mode
Pancreas
harmone produced
Hormon effect
–> insulin/ glucagon
–> controls blood suger levels
Ovaries
harmone produced
Hormon effect
–> oestrogen
–> stimulates female sexual development
Testes
harmone produced
Hormon effect
–> testosterone
–> stimulates male sexual development
What is blood plasma
( glucose )
–> suger we break down for energy
–> to much suger or too little is bad for the body
–> 5 millimoles is normal
–> diabetes can have 30 millimoles
What controls blood suger levels?
–> inulin that’s in the pancreas
Where is glycogen stored?
–> liver
Controlling blood glucose steps?
Glucose
Inulin (in pancreas)
Glycogen (in Liver)
Glucagon (in the pancreas(
What is diabetes?
–> a condition caused when the body cannot manage its blood glucose concentration
How to indicate diabetes?
–> kidney releases suger so it goes in pee
–> urine tests can be used
What are the 2 types of diabetes?
–> type 1 (happens in childhood can’t make enough inulin, usually takes insulin doses)
–> type 2 (inulin resistance)
What is reproduction?
Members of the same species make an offspring
What is in the male reproduction system?
Penis
Sperm duct
Testes
What is sperms?
–> has tail to swim
–> millions are made
What are ova (egg cells)
–> food stored to provide energy
–>1 a month
What’s in the female sexual system ?
Ovaries
What are sperm duct and testes?
–> Testes = balls
–> sperms duct = wire
What is ovaries?
–> balls in female
Steps in fertilisation?
1) eggs realsed
2) egg goes up to tunnel
3) sperms goes into egg fertilising it
What is fertilisation?
The fusion of 2 nucleus of haploid sex cells
Sexual reproduction in plants
They all look different but half the same basic structure
What is pollen + where is it
–> male sex cell
–> made in anther
–> 2 wands
What is a ovules + where is it
–> in flower, biggest ball
–> female sex cell
–> made in ovaries
What is a stigma + style?
–> sticky part of plant for pollen grain to attack
–> stigma is middle wand top
Style
–> the stem of the stigma
Causes of variations
–> inheritanced characteristics
–> environment characteristics
What is inheritanced characteristic?
–> comes from parents
What is environmental characteristics
–> come from food weather
Types of variations?
–> discrete variations
–> continuous variations
What is discrete variations ?
One gene controls that
Eg tongue rolling or not
What is continuous variations?
Things that use more than (polygenic) 1 gene
Egg
Height that keeps growing
Homozygous?
Genotypes containing 2 of the same allele
Heterozygous?
Genotype containing 2 different allese
Dominate gene?
–> stands as a capital letter
What is genes?
–> short part of dna which codes for a protein
What is a genotype?
The genes shown as letters
What is a phenotype?
–> physical characteristic that are on the organism
What is:
P
F¹
F²
–> parent generation
–> first generations of children
–> second generations of children
What is a monohybrid cross?
We can use punnet square to predict how the kids will look like
Can we always predict what offspring look like?
It’s a random process, it’s not always the same as what we think
What does T stand for?
(Complementary pair)
Thymine
What does A stand for?
(Complementary pair)
Adenine
What does C stand for?
(Complementary pair)
Cytosine
What does G stand for?
(Complementary pair)
Guanine
What is a palisade mesophyll cell?
–> has chloroplast in it
–> helps with photosynthesis
What is a spongy mesophyll cell?
–> makes gas exchange possible
What is a epidermis?
–> transparent protective layer
What’s a guard cell?
Opens and closes stomata
What is a stomata?
Pore for gas exchange?
What is xylem?
Transportation of water
What is phloem?
Transportation of suger
Where is the epidermis?
Under the thin skin, the blocks
Where are guard cells?
Near the entrance and exist of stomata. The gap
Where is the spongy cell?
On top of guard cells
Steps of transpiration?
1) water is taken through roots
2) water goes up tube vessels called xylem
3) water vapor goes through stomata this is called transpiration
2 ways transpiration can be measured?
–> bubble potometer
–> weight potometer
What is a bubble potometer?
Water uptake is calculated by measuring the distance of the bubbles have along the tub in a set time
How to measure with a weight potometer?
Let’s calculation of the weight of water lost per unit of time
Factors that effect transpiration?
–> temperature
–> surface area of leaf
–> wind speed
–> humidity
What is a zygote?
When egg and sperms merge to make baby, its diploid
Components of blood?
–> plasma
–> red blood cells
–> white blood cells
Types of white blood cells?
–> lymphocytes
–> phagocytes
What is a pathogen?
A virus
Bacteria
How does a phagocyte take care of a pathogen?
+ what does it look like?
–> digests the pathogen
–> litrealy eats them
+ like a normal cell
How does a lymphocyte take care of pathogens?
+ appearance?
–> makes antibodies to kill it
–> litrealy makes minons to kill it
+ has lots of Y on its outside
Red blood cells?
- shape?
- does it have a nucleus?
–> biconcave
–> no, to have more space for oxygen
What is it called when red blood cells have oxygen and don’t?
–> oxhaemogloblin
–> haemoglobin
Capillaries?
-walls?
-function?
- entrance?
Thin walls
Large surface area
Allows exchange of materials with body cells
Large entrance
Veins?
-walls?
-function?
-entrance?
Thin walls
Strong walls
Have vals to prevent blood going backwards
Wide entrance
Artires?
-walls?
-function?
- entrance?
Thick strong wall
Narrow entrance
Carry high pressure blood away from the body
Narrow entrance
Function of artiry?
Carry oxhaemoglobin away from the heart
Function of veins?
Carry haemoglobin towards the heart
Function of capillaries?
Allows exchange of materials
Circulation of blood?
–> ours is double criculation
–> 1 full cycle = blood going in heart 2 times
–> right side haemoglobin
–> left side oxhaeglobin
Why does left side of heart have more muscle than right side?
–> right side only gives blood to lungs
–> left side pumps blood through all rest of body
Haemoglobin transport order?
1 vena cava
2 right atrium
3 right ventrial
4 pulmonary artry
5 THE LUNGS
Oxhamoglobin transport order?
THE LUNGS
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left verticle
Aorta
The body
Absorption of materials?
–> food nutrition goes into the blood stream
–> waste is removed from the blood by cells
Why is absorption good?
–> tissue capillaries networks allows exchange in materials
To increase absorption?
–> larger surface area
–> thin walls
–> extensive blood supply
What are the lungs for?
–> lungs are the organ for gas exchange
What is the franchea?
Wind pipe
What is a alveoli?
Inside the lung
What do the lungs have alot of in them?
–> alveoil
What are oxygen and carbon absorbed through?
Thin aveoli walls
And
Capillaries
What are in the small intestines?
+ what does it absorb?
–> villi
–> absorbs nutritions
Vili structure?
(Small intestines)
Capillaries - the vein looking things inside of it
Lacteal - the middle stick thing
Lining - the outside cell things that look like a wall
What do capillaries do in the small intestines?
–> absorb amino acids + glucose efficient
What does the lining do?
(Vili)
–> absorbs nutritions quickly
What does the lacteal do?
(Villi)
–> absorbs products of fatty acids + digestion
