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Biology > Unit 2- Multi Organisms > Flashcards

Unit 2- Multi Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we get new cells?

A

–> mitosis

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2
Q

Why is mitosis
important?

A

–> to grow (increase number of cells)
–> repair damaged cells
–> replace dead cells

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

–> coiled up dna thread.

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4
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

–> nucleus

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5
Q

What is chromosome complements?

A

–> the whole set of chromosomes in the nucleus
–> different things have different amount of chromosomes pairs
–> human has 23 pairs (46 chromosomes)

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6
Q

What is a haploid and diploid?

A

Haploid
–> 1 set of chromosomes.
(Half)

Dipoild
–> 2 sets of chromosomes.
(Double)

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7
Q

How do cells have the same number of chromosomes after mitosis?

A

–> single strands become double before mitosis

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8
Q

What are the parts in a double stranded chromosome?

A

–> Centromere
- small ball connecting
–> chromatide (1 and 2)
- the thread at top

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9
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

1) chromosomes become visible as threads

2) single chromosomes become double

3) chromosomes line up along the equator

4) spindle fibers pull apart chromosomes to opposite sides (poles)

5) membrane forms around both sets of chromosomes and cytoplasm starts to divide

6) 2 identical daughter cells are formed, the same as the mother cell, diopolid chromosomes are kept the same

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10
Q

What can uncontrollable cell division do?

A

–> cause cancer
–> cause tumours

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11
Q

Cell count formula?

A

Convert time.
÷ by 1 cell division
× by 2

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12
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell without a specific function

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13
Q

Speculation of cells?

A

–> cell
–> tissue
–> organ
–> system

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14
Q

Hierarchy of the body

A

–> cell
–> tissue
–> organ
–> system

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15
Q

What can stem cells do?

A

–> they can do mitosis
–> they can turn into specialised cells

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16
Q

Ethical concerns of using embro stem cells?

A

–> seen as a sort of destruction of life

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17
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

–> cells without a job that can replace themselves and make themselves have jobs

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18
Q

Where can we obtain human cells?

A

–> embryonic
–> tissue stem cells

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19
Q

What does — stand for:
T
C
G
A

A

Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine

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20
Q

Complementary pairs?

A

T-A
C-G

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21
Q

What is inside the nervous system?

A

–> central nervous system
–> other nerves
(peripheral nervous system)

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22
Q

What is in the central nervous system?

A

–> Brian
–> spinal cord

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23
Q

What does the central nervous system control?

A

–> receiving information from organs and responding to them

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24
Q

What is the name of the nerve cells carried from the Brian to the organs?

A

–> neurons

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25
Q

Name the parts of the Brian

A

–> cerebrum
–> cerebellum
–> medulla

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26
Q

Function of cerebrum?

A

–> sensing
–> thinking
–> imagination

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27
Q

Function of cerebellum?

A

–> controls balance
–> muscle coordination

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28
Q

Function of medulla?

A

–> involuntarily things

–> breathing
–> heart rate

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29
Q

Response to stimuli?

A

Can be a rapid action from a muscle or a slower response

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30
Q

Types of neutrons?

A

–> sensory
–> inter
–> motor

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31
Q

What is the inter neutron?

A

–> works in the central nervous system, takes information from senses that require responses

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32
Q

What is a motor neutron?

A

–> enables a response to occur at an effector

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33
Q

How does the central nervous system 2 forms of information transfer?

A

–> electrical impulse
–> chemical messenger

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34
Q

What is electrical impulse?

A

–> carries messages along the neurons

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35
Q

What is chemical messenge?

A

–> passes the message between neurons, at synapses

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36
Q

What is the synapse?

A

–> The gap between 2 neutrons
–> electrical impulse hits end of the neuron and triggers releases a chemical

–> chemical is picked up by receptor and goes to the next neutron and so on

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37
Q

What is a reflex response?

A

–> automatic actions
–> reflexes protect the human body from harm

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38
Q

3 types of neurons that form a reflex arc?

A

–> sensory
–> inter
–> motor

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39
Q

What is a sensory neuron?

A

–> carries electrical impulses from organs to the central nervous system

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40
Q

What is a inter neutron?

A

–> carries electrical impulse from sensory neuron to the motor neutron

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41
Q

What is a motor neutron?

A

–> carries electrical impulses from the central nervous system to muscle or gland

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42
Q

Reflex arc steps?

A

–> Detected a stimuli
(sensory neuron)

–> chemical signals transfer at synapse
(Inter neurons)

–> detected nerve responses
(Motor neuron)

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43
Q

Sequences of reflex arc

A

Stimuli
Receptors
Sensory neuron
Inter neuron
Motor neuron
Effectors
Response

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44
Q

What are harmones?

A

–> signals in the body
–> usually slower but with a longer lasting response

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45
Q

What are harmones made of?

A

–> proteins
–> act as chemical messengers

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46
Q

Where do harmones release from?

A

–> Endocrine glands

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47
Q

What is in the endocrine glands?

A

–> pancreas
–> ovaries
–> testes
–> pituitary
–> thyroid
–> adrenal

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48
Q

Pituitary
harmone produced
Hormon effect

A

–> growth harmone
–> stimulates growth

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49
Q

Thyroid
harmone produced
Hormon effect

A

–> thyroxin
–> controls metabolism

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50
Q

Adrenal
harmone produced
Hormon effect

A

–> adrenaline
–> make you think fight of flight mode

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51
Q

Pancreas
harmone produced
Hormon effect

A

–> insulin/ glucagon
–> controls blood suger levels

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52
Q

Ovaries
harmone produced
Hormon effect

A

–> oestrogen
–> stimulates female sexual development

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53
Q

Testes
harmone produced
Hormon effect

A

–> testosterone
–> stimulates male sexual development

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54
Q

What is blood plasma
( glucose )

A

–> suger we break down for energy
–> to much suger or too little is bad for the body
–> 5 millimoles is normal
–> diabetes can have 30 millimoles

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55
Q

What controls blood suger levels?

A

–> inulin that’s in the pancreas

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56
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

–> liver

57
Q

Controlling blood glucose steps?

A

Glucose
Inulin (in pancreas)
Glycogen (in Liver)
Glucagon (in the pancreas(

58
Q

What is diabetes?

A

–> a condition caused when the body cannot manage its blood glucose concentration

59
Q

How to indicate diabetes?

A

–> kidney releases suger so it goes in pee
–> urine tests can be used

60
Q

What are the 2 types of diabetes?

A

–> type 1 (happens in childhood can’t make enough inulin, usually takes insulin doses)

–> type 2 (inulin resistance)

61
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Members of the same species make an offspring

62
Q

What is in the male reproduction system?

A

Penis
Sperm duct
Testes

63
Q

What is sperms?

A

–> has tail to swim
–> millions are made

64
Q

What are ova (egg cells)

A

–> food stored to provide energy
–>1 a month

65
Q

What’s in the female sexual system ?

A

Ovaries

66
Q

What are sperm duct and testes?

A

–> Testes = balls
–> sperms duct = wire

67
Q

What is ovaries?

A

–> balls in female

68
Q

Steps in fertilisation?

A

1) eggs realsed
2) egg goes up to tunnel
3) sperms goes into egg fertilising it

69
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of 2 nucleus of haploid sex cells

70
Q

Sexual reproduction in plants

A

They all look different but half the same basic structure

71
Q

What is pollen + where is it

A

–> male sex cell
–> made in anther
–> 2 wands

72
Q

What is a ovules + where is it

A

–> in flower, biggest ball
–> female sex cell
–> made in ovaries

73
Q

What is a stigma + style?

A

–> sticky part of plant for pollen grain to attack
–> stigma is middle wand top

Style
–> the stem of the stigma

74
Q

Causes of variations

A

–> inheritanced characteristics
–> environment characteristics

75
Q

What is inheritanced characteristic?

A

–> comes from parents

76
Q

What is environmental characteristics

A

–> come from food weather

77
Q

Types of variations?

A

–> discrete variations
–> continuous variations

78
Q

What is discrete variations ?

A

One gene controls that
Eg tongue rolling or not

79
Q

What is continuous variations?

A

Things that use more than (polygenic) 1 gene

Egg
Height that keeps growing

80
Q

Homozygous?

A

Genotypes containing 2 of the same allele

81
Q

Heterozygous?

A

Genotype containing 2 different allese

82
Q

Dominate gene?

A

–> stands as a capital letter

83
Q

What is genes?

A

–> short part of dna which codes for a protein

84
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genes shown as letters

85
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

–> physical characteristic that are on the organism

86
Q

What is:
P
F¹
F²

A

–> parent generation
–> first generations of children
–> second generations of children

87
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

We can use punnet square to predict how the kids will look like

88
Q

Can we always predict what offspring look like?

A

It’s a random process, it’s not always the same as what we think

89
Q

What does T stand for?
(Complementary pair)

A

Thymine

90
Q

What does A stand for?
(Complementary pair)

A

Adenine

91
Q

What does C stand for?
(Complementary pair)

A

Cytosine

92
Q

What does G stand for?
(Complementary pair)

A

Guanine

93
Q

What is a palisade mesophyll cell?

A

–> has chloroplast in it
–> helps with photosynthesis

94
Q

What is a spongy mesophyll cell?

A

–> makes gas exchange possible

95
Q

What is a epidermis?

A

–> transparent protective layer

96
Q

What’s a guard cell?

A

Opens and closes stomata

97
Q

What is a stomata?

A

Pore for gas exchange?

98
Q

What is xylem?

A

Transportation of water

99
Q

What is phloem?

A

Transportation of suger

100
Q

Where is the epidermis?

A

Under the thin skin, the blocks

101
Q

Where are guard cells?

A

Near the entrance and exist of stomata. The gap

102
Q

Where is the spongy cell?

A

On top of guard cells

103
Q

Steps of transpiration?

A

1) water is taken through roots
2) water goes up tube vessels called xylem
3) water vapor goes through stomata this is called transpiration

104
Q

2 ways transpiration can be measured?

A

–> bubble potometer
–> weight potometer

105
Q

What is a bubble potometer?

A

Water uptake is calculated by measuring the distance of the bubbles have along the tub in a set time

106
Q

How to measure with a weight potometer?

A

Let’s calculation of the weight of water lost per unit of time

107
Q

Factors that effect transpiration?

A

–> temperature
–> surface area of leaf
–> wind speed
–> humidity

108
Q

What is a zygote?

A

When egg and sperms merge to make baby, its diploid

109
Q

Components of blood?

A

–> plasma
–> red blood cells
–> white blood cells

110
Q

Types of white blood cells?

A

–> lymphocytes
–> phagocytes

111
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A virus
Bacteria

112
Q

How does a phagocyte take care of a pathogen?
+ what does it look like?

A

–> digests the pathogen
–> litrealy eats them

+ like a normal cell

113
Q

How does a lymphocyte take care of pathogens?
+ appearance?

A

–> makes antibodies to kill it
–> litrealy makes minons to kill it

+ has lots of Y on its outside

114
Q

Red blood cells?
- shape?
- does it have a nucleus?

A

–> biconcave
–> no, to have more space for oxygen

115
Q

What is it called when red blood cells have oxygen and don’t?

A

–> oxhaemogloblin
–> haemoglobin

116
Q

Capillaries?
-walls?
-function?
- entrance?

A

Thin walls
Large surface area
Allows exchange of materials with body cells
Large entrance

117
Q

Veins?
-walls?
-function?
-entrance?

A

Thin walls
Strong walls
Have vals to prevent blood going backwards
Wide entrance

118
Q

Artires?
-walls?
-function?
- entrance?

A

Thick strong wall
Narrow entrance
Carry high pressure blood away from the body
Narrow entrance

119
Q

Function of artiry?

A

Carry oxhaemoglobin away from the heart

120
Q

Function of veins?

A

Carry haemoglobin towards the heart

121
Q

Function of capillaries?

A

Allows exchange of materials

122
Q

Circulation of blood?

A

–> ours is double criculation
–> 1 full cycle = blood going in heart 2 times
–> right side haemoglobin
–> left side oxhaeglobin

123
Q

Why does left side of heart have more muscle than right side?

A

–> right side only gives blood to lungs
–> left side pumps blood through all rest of body

124
Q

Haemoglobin transport order?

A

1 vena cava
2 right atrium
3 right ventrial
4 pulmonary artry
5 THE LUNGS

125
Q

Oxhamoglobin transport order?

A

THE LUNGS

Pulmonary vein

Left atrium

Left verticle

Aorta

The body

126
Q

Absorption of materials?

A

–> food nutrition goes into the blood stream
–> waste is removed from the blood by cells

127
Q

Why is absorption good?

A

–> tissue capillaries networks allows exchange in materials

128
Q

To increase absorption?

A

–> larger surface area
–> thin walls
–> extensive blood supply

129
Q

What are the lungs for?

A

–> lungs are the organ for gas exchange

130
Q

What is the franchea?

A

Wind pipe

131
Q

What is a alveoli?

A

Inside the lung

132
Q

What do the lungs have alot of in them?

A

–> alveoil

133
Q

What are oxygen and carbon absorbed through?

A

Thin aveoli walls
And
Capillaries

134
Q

What are in the small intestines?
+ what does it absorb?

A

–> villi
–> absorbs nutritions

135
Q

Vili structure?
(Small intestines)

A

Capillaries - the vein looking things inside of it

Lacteal - the middle stick thing

Lining - the outside cell things that look like a wall

136
Q

What do capillaries do in the small intestines?

A

–> absorb amino acids + glucose efficient

137
Q

What does the lining do?
(Vili)

A

–> absorbs nutritions quickly

138
Q

What does the lacteal do?
(Villi)

A

–> absorbs products of fatty acids + digestion

Biology (8 decks)

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