Bio High Topic 2!! 1-4

Question 1

Structure of testes?

Answer 1

• Seminiferous tube (coiled tube sperms made)
• interstitial cells
• male sex harmone

Question 2

Male accessory glad?
What happneds? What is there?

Answer 2

Prostate gland+ seminal vertices release fluid that maintains mobility and viability of sperms

Question 3

Testes make sperms in?

Testosterone made in?

Answer 3

Seminiferous tubule

Interstitial cells

Question 4

What triggers puberty?

Answer 4

When pituitary gland is stimulated by FSH, LH or ICSH by a releaser harmone made in hypothalamus

Question 5

Process for sperms making?

Answer 5

Pituitary gland releases FSH and ICSH
FSH promotes sperms making +actives prostate gland + seminal vericle accessory glands

Question 6

Stages to menstruation?

Answer 6

Menstruation
Follicle phase
Luteal phase

Question 7

Female gamete production where?

Answer 7

Ovaries contain immature ova

Question 8

Each ovum is protected by a?

Answer 8

Follicle that realses harmone (oestrogen)

(Turns into corpus luteum + makes progesterone after ova goes out)

Question 9

Follicle stage?

Answer 9

• pituitary gland let’s go of FSH
• FSH stimulates growing of follicle + making of its first hormone by follicle
• Oestrogen makes mucus of cervix watery more penetratable for sperm
• High Oestrogen = LH let go
• LH = ovulation

Question 10

What is ovulation?

Answer 10

(By LH haromone)

The release of ova from a follicle (corpus luteum)

Question 11

Luteal phase?

Answer 11

• follicle grows into corpus luteum which makes progesterone
• progesterone makes endometrium (uterus lining) thicker preparing it for implantation if fertilisation happens

Question 12

Fertilisation?

Answer 12

When mature ova and sperms (hapiold) fuse nuclei to make a zygote (diploid)

Zygote divides to make embyro

Question 13

For negative feed back read booklet

Question 14

Men show….. fertility?

Answer 14

Continuously

Question 15

Woman show ….. fertility?

Answer 15

Cyclical

Indicated by body temp going up makes cervix mucus more watery

Question 16

Causes for males for infertility?

Answer 16

Low sperms count
Abnormalities in sperms
Low motility

Question 17

Causes for female infertility

Answer 17

Failure to ovulate
Blocked oviduct
Implantation failure

Question 18

Treatments for infertility?

Answer 18

• Artifical insemination
• simulating ovulation
• IVF
• ICSI (injection)

Question 19

What/why is artificial insemination?

Answer 19

• treatment to infertility
• used when low sperms count
• donner might be used

-when sperm is injected straight into the uterus

Question 20

How are pills stimulating ovulation?

Answer 20

• drugs used to prevent negative feed back letting follicle grow
• other drugs used to mimic FSH and LH
• this is used to collect ovas for IVF

Question 21

What/why is IVF used?

Answer 21

• ovas are surgery removed from ovaries after hormonal stimulation
• eggs and sperm mixed in a dish and cured then it’s transferred into uterus for impantation
• is used along w PGD to see if there are single gene disorders or chromosome abnormalities

Question 22

What/why is ICSI? (injection)

Answer 22

• when mature sperms head is drawn into needle and injected directly into ova to get fertilisation

Question 23

Physical contraception?

Answer 23

Condom
Iud (T is shoved into the uterus)
Sterilisation

Question 24

Chemical contraception?

Answer 24

• Mini pill (progesterone only) (multi births, thickens mucus)
• Morning pull (prevents ovulation)
• Oestrogen + progestogen pill (mimics negative feedback)

Question 25

Antenatal screening?

Answer 25

- Identifies risks of disorder + prenatal diagnosis can be offered - woman get 2 ultra sounds - there's dating scans (8-14 weeks) - anomaly scans (18-20 weeks) - blood and urine tests used to monitor concentration of marker chemicals - when measured at wrong time can result in false result

Question 26

Postnatal screening? (After birth)

Answer 26

- Tested for metabolism disorders like (PKU)

Question 27

Karyotype?

Answer 27

- Displays a person's chromosome arrangement into homologous pairs - used to see if there is any chromosome abnormalities

Question 28

CVS meaning?

Answer 28

- done in early stages of pregnancy - fetal cells are taken from *placenta* - higher risk of miscarriage

Question 29

Amniocentesis meaning?

Answer 29

- when fetal cells are taken from *amniotic fluid* - used to make karyotype

Question 30

Patterns of inheritance?

Answer 30

- Autosomal dominace - autosomal reccesive - sex linked - incomplete dominace

Question 31

What is autosomal recessive?

Answer 31

- for rr small for illness - can skip generation - female = males get it - both parents must be effected/carriers

Question 32

Autosomal dominance?

Answer 32

- RR, Rr - every generation - females = males get it - one parent must have be effected

Question 33

Sex linked?

Answer 33

- affects more makes (they have XY) - dad can't pass on traits to son - Y has no gene X does

Question 34

Autosomal incomplete dominance?

Answer 34

- blended phenotypes