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Biology > Bio High Topic 2!! 1-4 > Flashcards

Bio High Topic 2!! 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of testes?

A
  • Seminiferous tube (coiled tube sperms made)
  • interstitial cells
  • male sex harmone
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2
Q

Male accessory glad?
What happneds? What is there?

A

Prostate gland+ seminal vertices release fluid that maintains mobility and viability of sperms

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3
Q

Testes make sperms in?

Testosterone made in?

A

Seminiferous tubule

Interstitial cells

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4
Q

What triggers puberty?

A

When pituitary gland is stimulated by FSH, LH or ICSH by a releaser harmone made in hypothalamus

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5
Q

Process for sperms making?

A

Pituitary gland releases FSH and ICSH
FSH promotes sperms making +actives prostate gland + seminal vericle accessory glands

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6
Q

Stages to menstruation?

A

Menstruation
Follicle phase
Luteal phase

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7
Q

Female gamete production where?

A

Ovaries contain immature ova

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8
Q

Each ovum is protected by a?

A

Follicle that realses harmone (oestrogen)

(Turns into corpus luteum + makes progesterone after ova goes out)

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9
Q

Follicle stage?

A
  • pituitary gland let’s go of FSH
  • FSH stimulates growing of follicle + making of its first hormone by follicle
  • Oestrogen makes mucus of cervix watery more penetratable for sperm
  • High Oestrogen = LH let go
  • LH = ovulation
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10
Q

What is ovulation?

A

(By LH haromone)

The release of ova from a follicle (corpus luteum)

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11
Q

Luteal phase?

A
  • follicle grows into corpus luteum which makes progesterone
  • progesterone makes endometrium (uterus lining) thicker preparing it for implantation if fertilisation happens
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12
Q

Fertilisation?

A

When mature ova and sperms (hapiold) fuse nuclei to make a zygote (diploid)

Zygote divides to make embyro

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13
Q

For negative feed back read booklet

A
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14
Q

Men show….. fertility?

A

Continuously

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15
Q

Woman show ….. fertility?

A

Cyclical

Indicated by body temp going up makes cervix mucus more watery

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16
Q

Causes for males for infertility?

A

Low sperms count
Abnormalities in sperms
Low motility

17
Q

Causes for female infertility

A

Failure to ovulate
Blocked oviduct
Implantation failure

18
Q

Treatments for infertility?

A
  • Artifical insemination
  • simulating ovulation
  • IVF
  • ICSI (injection)
19
Q

What/why is artificial insemination?

A
  • treatment to infertility
  • used when low sperms count
  • donner might be used

-when sperm is injected straight into the uterus

20
Q

How are pills stimulating ovulation?

A
  • drugs used to prevent negative feed back letting follicle grow
  • other drugs used to mimic FSH and LH
  • this is used to collect ovas for IVF
21
Q

What/why is IVF used?

A
  • ovas are surgery removed from ovaries after hormonal stimulation
  • eggs and sperm mixed in a dish and cured then it’s transferred into uterus for impantation
  • is used along w PGD to see if there are single gene disorders or chromosome abnormalities
22
Q

What/why is ICSI? (injection)

A
  • when mature sperms head is drawn into needle and injected directly into ova to get fertilisation
23
Q

Physical contraception?

A

Condom
Iud (T is shoved into the uterus)
Sterilisation

24
Q

Chemical contraception?

A
  • Mini pill (progesterone only) (multi births, thickens mucus)
  • Morning pull (prevents ovulation)
  • Oestrogen + progestogen pill (mimics negative feedback)
25
Q

Antenatal screening?

A
  • Identifies risks of disorder + prenatal diagnosis can be offered
  • woman get 2 ultra sounds
  • there’s dating scans (8-14 weeks)
  • anomaly scans (18-20 weeks)
  • blood and urine tests used to monitor concentration of marker chemicals
  • when measured at wrong time can result in false result
26
Q

Postnatal screening? (After birth)

A
  • Tested for metabolism disorders like (PKU)
27
Q

Karyotype?

A
  • Displays a person’s chromosome arrangement into homologous pairs
  • used to see if there is any chromosome abnormalities
28
Q

CVS meaning?

A
  • done in early stages of pregnancy
  • fetal cells are taken from placenta
  • higher risk of miscarriage
29
Q

Amniocentesis meaning?

A
  • when fetal cells are taken from amniotic fluid
  • used to make karyotype
30
Q

Patterns of inheritance?

A
  • Autosomal dominace
  • autosomal reccesive
  • sex linked
  • incomplete dominace
31
Q

What is autosomal recessive?

A
  • for rr small for illness
  • can skip generation
  • female = males get it
  • both parents must be effected/carriers
32
Q

Autosomal dominance?

A
  • RR, Rr
  • every generation
  • females = males get it
  • one parent must have be effected
33
Q

Sex linked?

A
  • affects more makes (they have XY)
  • dad can’t pass on traits to son
  • Y has no gene X does
34
Q

Autosomal incomplete dominance?

A
  • blended phenotypes

Biology (10 decks)

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