Higher!!

Question 1

Cellular differentiation?

Answer 1

Process of cells that have a specific gene to make specific protein.

Allows cell to carry out specialised tasks

Question 2

Embryonic stem cells?

Answer 2

Cells in embyo that can differentiate into all cells, pluripotent

Question 3

Tissue stem cells?

Answer 3

Involved in growth repair and replacement of dead cells, multipotent

Question 4

Pluripotent?

Answer 4

Differentiate into all cell types

Question 5

Multipotent?

Answer 5

Can only differentiate (turn into) cells from that tissue

Eg: bone marrow makes RBC

Question 6

Stomatic cells?

Answer 6

Any cell that isn’t involved with reproduction

Question 7

Gremlins cells?

Answer 7

Gametes (sex cells) + the stem cells that divide to form gametes

Question 8

Cancer?

Answer 8

Cells that divide too much

Which = too many cells called tumour

Spreads through the whole body can make secondary tumours

Question 9

Tumour?

Answer 9

A mass of abnormal cells

Question 10

Therapeutic use of stem cells?

Answer 10

Repair of damaged or sick organs or tissue

Question 11

Research use of stem cells?
Embryo

Answer 11

Stem cells being used as model cells to study how sicknesses are formed or being used for drug testing

Question 12

What is an RNA polymerase and what does it do?

Answer 12

It’s an enzyme and it adds Complementary nucleotides to mRNA strand

Question 13

What is a primary mRNA strand?

Answer 13

Strands by mRNA that are made from introns and exons

Question 14

What is exon?

Answer 14

Coding area of mrna

Question 15

What is intron?

Answer 15

Non coding area of mrna

Question 16

What is mature mRNA strand?

Answer 16

Strand with only exons

Question 17

Types of gene mutations?

Answer 17

Substitution
-nonsense
-missense
-spicing site

Deletion

Insertion

Question 18

Types of gene mutations?

Answer 18

Substitution
-nonsense
-missense
-spicing site

Deletion

Insertion

Question 19

What is a missense mutation?

Answer 19

A substitution type of mutation

One amino acid being changed for another

Results in little effect on protein

Question 20

What is nonsenese?

Answer 20

A substitution type of mutation

Amino acid codon being replaced by a stop codon

Makes protein shorter

Question 21

What is nonsenese?

Answer 21

A substitution type of mutation

Amino acid codon being replaced by a stop codon

Makes protein shorter

Question 22

What is splice site?

Answer 22

Substitution type of mutation

Might result in soke introns staying and exons leaving in the mature transcript

Question 23

What is splice site?

Answer 23

Substitution type of mutation

Might result in soke introns staying and exons leaving in the mature transcript

Question 24

Deletion and insertion are?

Answer 24

Frame shift effects not mutation since they make the structure different then before

Question 25

Chromosome mutations? Lethal

Answer 25

Deletion Duplication Translocation Inversion

Question 26

What is deletion (Chromosomes)

Answer 26

When a section of chromosome is removed

Question 27

Duplication? (Chromosome)

Answer 27

When a part of chromosome is adding from its homologous partner

Question 28

Translocation? (Chromosome)

Answer 28

Section of chromosome is added to another chromosome but its not its homologous partner

Question 29

Inversion? Chromosome

Answer 29

When a section of chromosome is reversed

Question 30

What is bioformatics?

Answer 30

The uses of computers that analyse genetic data to compare sequences of dna. important in genome research keeps a record of all dna produced Interprets info of dna data

Question 31

Why is personalised medicine used?

Answer 31

Because Illnesses an involve genes from parents and or from the environment Examples Genetic - BRCA1 , BRCA2 high chance of heart cancer. Parent -APCE-e4- increase risk of getting alzhemiers

Question 32

Why have personal medication for everyone?

Answer 32

Everyone has different genetic makeup Different metabolism Same drugs have different effects on the body Can help lead to predictions of likely illness that might develop

Question 33

Role of rna polymerase enzyme?

Answer 33

creating a complementary strand of nucleic acid, called RNA, from a single-stranded DNA template