Higher!! Flashcards
Cellular differentiation?
Process of cells that have a specific gene to make specific protein.
Allows cell to carry out specialised tasks
Embryonic stem cells?
Cells in embyo that can differentiate into all cells, pluripotent
Tissue stem cells?
Involved in growth repair and replacement of dead cells, multipotent
Pluripotent?
Differentiate into all cell types
Multipotent?
Can only differentiate (turn into) cells from that tissue
Eg: bone marrow makes RBC
Stomatic cells?
Any cell that isn’t involved with reproduction
Gremlins cells?
Gametes (sex cells) + the stem cells that divide to form gametes
Cancer?
Cells that divide too much
Which = too many cells called tumour
Spreads through the whole body can make secondary tumours
Tumour?
A mass of abnormal cells
Therapeutic use of stem cells?
Repair of damaged or sick organs or tissue
Research use of stem cells?
Embryo
Stem cells being used as model cells to study how sicknesses are formed or being used for drug testing
What is an RNA polymerase and what does it do?
It’s an enzyme and it adds Complementary nucleotides to mRNA strand
What is a primary mRNA strand?
Strands by mRNA that are made from introns and exons
What is exon?
Coding area of mrna
What is intron?
Non coding area of mrna
What is mature mRNA strand?
Strand with only exons
Types of gene mutations?
Substitution
-nonsense
-missense
-spicing site
Deletion
Insertion
Types of gene mutations?
Substitution
-nonsense
-missense
-spicing site
Deletion
Insertion
What is a missense mutation?
A substitution type of mutation
One amino acid being changed for another
Results in little effect on protein
What is nonsenese?
A substitution type of mutation
Amino acid codon being replaced by a stop codon
Makes protein shorter
What is nonsenese?
A substitution type of mutation
Amino acid codon being replaced by a stop codon
Makes protein shorter
What is splice site?
Substitution type of mutation
Might result in soke introns staying and exons leaving in the mature transcript
What is splice site?
Substitution type of mutation
Might result in soke introns staying and exons leaving in the mature transcript
Deletion and insertion are?
Frame shift effects not mutation since they make the structure different then before
Chromosome mutations?
Lethal
Deletion
Duplication
Translocation
Inversion
What is deletion
(Chromosomes)
When a section of chromosome is removed
Duplication?
(Chromosome)
When a part of chromosome is adding from its homologous partner
Translocation?
(Chromosome)
Section of chromosome is added to another chromosome but its not its homologous partner
Inversion?
Chromosome
When a section of chromosome is reversed
What is bioformatics?
The uses of computers that analyse genetic data to compare sequences of dna.
important in genome research keeps a record of all dna produced
Interprets info of dna data
Why is personalised medicine used?
Because
Illnesses an involve genes from parents and or from the environment
Examples
Genetic -
BRCA1 , BRCA2 high chance of heart cancer.
Parent
-APCE-e4- increase risk of getting alzhemiers
Why have personal medication for everyone?
Everyone has different genetic makeup
Different metabolism
Same drugs have different effects on the body
Can help lead to predictions of likely illness that might develop
Role of rna polymerase enzyme?
creating a complementary strand of nucleic acid, called RNA, from a single-stranded DNA template
