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Biology > Higher!! > Flashcards

Higher!! Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular differentiation?

A

Process of cells that have a specific gene to make specific protein.

Allows cell to carry out specialised tasks

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2
Q

Embryonic stem cells?

A

Cells in embyo that can differentiate into all cells, pluripotent

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3
Q

Tissue stem cells?

A

Involved in growth repair and replacement of dead cells, multipotent

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4
Q

Pluripotent?

A

Differentiate into all cell types

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5
Q

Multipotent?

A

Can only differentiate (turn into) cells from that tissue

Eg: bone marrow makes RBC

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6
Q

Stomatic cells?

A

Any cell that isn’t involved with reproduction

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7
Q

Gremlins cells?

A

Gametes (sex cells) + the stem cells that divide to form gametes

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8
Q

Cancer?

A

Cells that divide too much

Which = too many cells called tumour

Spreads through the whole body can make secondary tumours

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9
Q

Tumour?

A

A mass of abnormal cells

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10
Q

Therapeutic use of stem cells?

A

Repair of damaged or sick organs or tissue

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11
Q

Research use of stem cells?
Embryo

A

Stem cells being used as model cells to study how sicknesses are formed or being used for drug testing

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12
Q

What is an RNA polymerase and what does it do?

A

It’s an enzyme and it adds Complementary nucleotides to mRNA strand

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13
Q

What is a primary mRNA strand?

A

Strands by mRNA that are made from introns and exons

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14
Q

What is exon?

A

Coding area of mrna

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15
Q

What is intron?

A

Non coding area of mrna

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16
Q

What is mature mRNA strand?

A

Strand with only exons

17
Q

Types of gene mutations?

A

Substitution
-nonsense
-missense
-spicing site

Deletion

Insertion

18
Q

Types of gene mutations?

A

Substitution
-nonsense
-missense
-spicing site

Deletion

Insertion

19
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

A substitution type of mutation

One amino acid being changed for another

Results in little effect on protein

20
Q

What is nonsenese?

A

A substitution type of mutation

Amino acid codon being replaced by a stop codon

Makes protein shorter

21
Q

What is nonsenese?

A

A substitution type of mutation

Amino acid codon being replaced by a stop codon

Makes protein shorter

22
Q

What is splice site?

A

Substitution type of mutation

Might result in soke introns staying and exons leaving in the mature transcript

23
Q

What is splice site?

A

Substitution type of mutation

Might result in soke introns staying and exons leaving in the mature transcript

24
Q

Deletion and insertion are?

A

Frame shift effects not mutation since they make the structure different then before

25
Q

Chromosome mutations?
Lethal

A

Deletion
Duplication
Translocation
Inversion

26
Q

What is deletion
(Chromosomes)

A

When a section of chromosome is removed

27
Q

Duplication?
(Chromosome)

A

When a part of chromosome is adding from its homologous partner

28
Q

Translocation?
(Chromosome)

A

Section of chromosome is added to another chromosome but its not its homologous partner

29
Q

Inversion?
Chromosome

A

When a section of chromosome is reversed

30
Q

What is bioformatics?

A

The uses of computers that analyse genetic data to compare sequences of dna.

important in genome research keeps a record of all dna produced

Interprets info of dna data

31
Q

Why is personalised medicine used?

A

Because
Illnesses an involve genes from parents and or from the environment

Examples
Genetic -
BRCA1 , BRCA2 high chance of heart cancer.

Parent
-APCE-e4- increase risk of getting alzhemiers

32
Q

Why have personal medication for everyone?

A

Everyone has different genetic makeup

Different metabolism

Same drugs have different effects on the body

Can help lead to predictions of likely illness that might develop

33
Q

Role of rna polymerase enzyme?

A

creating a complementary strand of nucleic acid, called RNA, from a single-stranded DNA template

Biology (8 decks)

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