Unit 2 Module 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Industrial Revolution
A
- During the late eighteenth century in Britain, the Industrial Revolution began, then spread to Germany and France in the nineteenth century. Industry attracted working people into the growing urban centres.
- This era saw a rapid development in technology that allowed for advances right across the market place. Great changes in farming, mining and manufacturing were made possible by new machines and methods that had been introduced into society.
- Major revolutionary inventions of the time included the steam engine and parallel advances in transportation and communication. With these changes and the investment of capital from the middle classes into larger factories that employed hundreds of people, there occurred a large movement of people from small rural communities to the new rapidly-growing urban areas.
2
Q
Significance of Rerum Novarum
A
- Certainly not the first encyclical to condemn Communism – Pope Pius IX had done that many times, including 1849, immediately following the publication of the Communist Manifesto
- Pope Leo’s encyclical marks the beginning of modern Catholic social teaching.
- It enunciates principles such as the common good, the primacy of the family, and the rights of workers that remain essential in the continued development of modern CST
3
Q
Liberalism and Nationalism
A
- Europe was open to the ideas of liberalism, (Latin for ‘of freedom’) and its acceptance spread quickly with national, ethnical and religious groups fighting for their rights. With the support of the middle classes there was a push for freedom of speech, religion, assembly: people demanded to have a say in how they were to be governed.
- A surge of nationalism came with the wave of liberalism. National and ethnic groups pushed for the advancement and independence of their own nations to the neglect of others. There was no real interest in the common good or the common interest of all nations.
4
Q
Capitalism and Socialism
A
- These theories come from opposite ends of the economic spectrum. Up until this time, capitalism was the model for business and the means of production were privately owned. With the great economic and social changes of the time, there came huge problems for the working classes, including:
1. poverty, because of low wages
2. poor health, because of a lack of public health care, and
3. poor education, because of poverty and child labour. - The Church was the only institution capable of dealing with these social problems, because governments simply did not have the resources to deal with them.
- In contrast to the laisz-faire theory of economics, that there should be no government intervention in the form of taxes, restrictive laws, tariffs and quotas, now the idea was promoted that government should get involved in business. This idea of involvement was strongly promoted by Adam Smith (1723-1790) and quickly received general acceptance. Consequently, socialism was born.
- As this debate continued, it became obvious that social problems were being caused by capitalism itself. Socialism developed in reaction to capitalism and became a significant influential force.
- Socialists believed that the means of production should be supplied and controlled by society, or the State. If this took place, many problems of the working classes would be removed. The socialists started to push for the State to take over ownership from private owners.
- One of the better-known and important expressions of socialism is communism. This was founded by Karl Marx (1818-1883), who believed that only a violent and complete revolution, led by the working classes, could successfully replace capitalism.
- Socialism truly challenged the Church, because, for hundreds of years, it had worked with people at a local level under a capitalist system. Now the Church was confronted with congregations made up of people coming from many different economic, political and philosophical backgrounds.
5
Q
Introduction Essay
A
- The industrial revolution was a significant event in history that had a great impact on Catholicism, a denomination of Christianity having both long-term and short-term effects that forced Catholicism to respond to the industrial revolution in order to try and fix what had been caused.
- Explain the Industrial Revolution: Throughout history there have been many important events and issues that have impacted upon people and societies. The Industrial Revolution is a significant event in history which had a significant impact on the Roman Catholic Church. The Industrial Revolution, “was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban”, and the event took place between 1750 and 1914. The Industrial Revolution is when society shifted from using tools to make products, to using new sources of energy, such as coal, to powered machines in factories.
- Explain how it’s impacted Catholicism, just give an overview on what happened and how it has caused Catholicism to respond to the industrial revolution
- BP1 Signpost: How has the industrial revolution impacted Catholicism, include the short-term and long-term effects, and if those effects are positive or negative
- BP 2 Signpost: How has Catholicism responded to the industrial revolution and how has this healed this impact and why (Rerum Novarum and Catholic Social Teachings)
- Bp 3 Signpost: How has the response Catholicism made impacted modern society to make a response
- Thesis Statement: The Industrial Revolution made its mark in history having a massive impact upon people in society but also Catholicism having positive effects but ultimately creating threatening issues to Catholicism forcing it to respond through Pope Leo’s influence to write Rerum Novarum and creating Social Justice Teachings which is used to respond to other threatening issues in the future.
6
Q
Body Paragraph 1
A
- Topic Sentence: Industrial Revolution, long term and short-term impacts on Catholicism
- Negatives (Society) With the great economic and social changes of the time, there came huge problems for the working classes, including:
1. poverty, because of low wages
2. poor health, because of a lack of public health care, and
3. poor education, because of poverty and child labour. - Positives (Society): However, with the Industrial Revolution came an increase in wealth, the production of goods, and the standard of living. People had access to healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper goods. In addition, education increased during the Industrial Revolution.
- Negatives (Catholicism): The event impacted negatively on much of the laity, seeing as Catholic workers at the time were treated poorly under their harsh working conditions, and as a result these Catholics were denied rights and as previously mentioned, were subjected to poor living and working conditions.
- Positives (Catholicism): The event also had a positive impact on the Church since it led to Pope Leo XIII writing Rerum Novarum, which significantly impacted the Roman Catholic Church and led to the development of the Church’s social doctrine. According to Dwyer,
- Example – Quote: “When nature is viewed solely as a source of profit and gain, this has serious consequences for society” Pope Francis
7
Q
Body Paragraph 2
A
- Topic Sentence: How and Why Catholicism responded to the industrial revolution (Rerum Novarum and Catholic Social Teachings)
- Rerum Novarum, which translates to ‘Of New Things’ was written by Pope Leo XIII who was suitably remembered as, “the pope of the workers”. Leo issued his landmark social encyclical Rerum Novarum which outlines, the rights and responsibilities of the family and of private property against the intrusion of the state. The encyclical addresses seven themes, with five important themes being private property, class relations, the role of the Church, the role of the state, and wages and strikes. The socialists living during the Industrial Revolution viewed private property as having a negative influence on society, however, Leo viewed it as being essential for humankind stating
- In such a way, Leo formed the basis of the Catholic Social Teaching principles of solidarity and preferential option for the poor. The Pope’s teachings are consistent with the current explanation of these principles; “preferential care should be shown to poor and vulnerable people, whose needs and rights are given special attention in God’s eyes”, and “everyone belongs to one human family” and thus needs to look out and care for one another. These principles are a fundamental aspect of the Church today (Caritas, 2016).
- Thus, Pope Leo strongly believed in the freedom of the individual and as a result was responsible for the development of the Catholic Social Teaching principle of the dignity of the Human Person. According to Caritas Australia, the principle deals with the truth that, “no human being should have their dignity or freedom compromised” (2016). Therefore, it is clear that Rerum Novarum led to the development of Catholic Social Teaching, including the principles of solidarity, preferential option for the poor and the dignity of the human person.
8
Q
Body Paragraph 3
A
- Topic Sentence: The response from Catholicism to the industrial revolution has a big influence on how Catholicism has faced problems that have threatened it in the future using Rerum Novarum and Catholic Social Teachings to influence believers to evangelise and unite society.
- The industrial revolution was the beginning of a new era of how Catholicism responded to issues using Catholic Social Teachings derived from Rerum Novarum to give people a way of thinking, being and seeing the world through a new lens.
- Every event/issue Catholicism has faced, people have lost their way of faith believing and worshipping other things rather than turning towards God such as the Industrial Revolution where people of the bourgeoise were manipulated by capitalism.
- Catholic Social Teachings gives a guide to how society can live responsibly and build a just society just as God intended the Catholic Church to.
- The Digital World like the Industrial Revolution is seen as a time of opportunity where people who are still under the influence of manipulation and unmoral satisfaction take advantage of others utilising it as a tool for immoral purposes e.g. cyberbullying
- So, the Catholic Church responds to the Digital World utilising Catholic Social Teachings to give people a guide on how to act justly in the digital world and take action against those who use the digital world for personal gain
- This highlights how Catholicism will never accept adversity or injustice in society utilising Catholic Social Teachings to guide and influence believers to respond against any issue or event to evangelise all to the Church whether they are lost or consumed, the church will always give people a way to learn and change themselves for the better of a just society.
9
Q
Conclusion
A
- The Industrial Revolution is an event in history which had a significant impact on the Roman Catholic Church. Though the revolution originally had a negative impact on poor Catholic workers whose skills were abused under the unfair laws of the time, Pope Leo XIII’s encyclical Rerum Novarum led to the development of the Church’s social doctrine, and thus the event also had a positive impact on the Church. The revolution allowed the Church through Pope Leo to confront the prevalent injustices in the industrial society at the time.
- The lasting positive impact of Rerum Novarum can be seen through the countless encyclicals commemorating Leo’s work and through the development of the principles of Catholic Social Teaching which shape Catholic organisations today.
