Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > UNIT 2 - KA7 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - KA7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis is the accumulation of fatty material (consisting mainly of cholesterol), fibrous material and calcium forming an atheroma or plaque beneath the endothelium in the wall of an artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which materials accumulate during atherosclerosis

A

The accumulation of fatty material(consisting mainly of cholesterol),fibrous material and calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does atherosclerosis form

A

Forms an atheroma or plaque beneath the endothelium in the wall of an artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain how a growing atheroma affects the artery wall thickness

A
  • as the atheroma grows the artery thickens and loses its elasticity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain how a growing atheroma leads to an increase in blood pressure within the artery

A
  • the diameter of the artery becomes reduced and blood flow becomes restricted resulting in increased blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is atherosclerosis the root cause of

A

Atherosclerosis is the root cause of various cardiovascular diseases including angina, heart attack, stroke and peripheral disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

First stage of thrombosis

A

Atheromas may rupture, damaging the endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Second stage of thrombosis

A

The damage releases clotting factors which activate a cascade of reactions, resulting in the conversion of the enzyme prothrombin to its active form thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the soluble plasma protein

A

Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Third stage of thrombosis

A

Thrombin then causes molecules of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to form threads of insoluble fibrin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fourth stage of thrombosis

A

The fibrin threads form a mesh work that clots the blood, seals the wound and provides a scaffold for the formation of scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the formation of a clot referred to as

A

The formation of a clot (thrombus) is referred to as thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the effect of the atheroma on the inside lining of an artery

A

Artheromas on the inside lining of an artery make the surface uneven and disturb the smooth flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens as an atheroma becomes enlarged

A

As an atheroma gradually becomes enlarged it may eventually burst through the endothelium and damage it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Under which circumstances does thrombosis occur

A

When atheroma bursts through the endothelium and damages it thrombosis may occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is thrombosis

A

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot(thrombus) in a vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What further issue does the presence of a thrombus in an artery cause

A

The presence of a thrombus in an artery causes further blockage in addition to that caused by atheromas

18
Q

What is an embolus

A

If a thrombus breaks loose it is known as an embolus

19
Q

Until which point is an embolus carried to

A

An embolus is carried along by the blood until it blocks some narrow vessel and causes blood flow to be severely restricted or even brought to a complete halt

20
Q

Blockage of a coronary artery by thrombosis

A

A thrombosis in a coronary artery may lead to a heart attack = myocardial infarction

21
Q

What is a myocardial infarction

A

Cardiac cells are deprived of oxygen leading to death of cardiac tissue

22
Q

Blockage of an artery in the brain

A

An embolus in an artery leading to the brain may lead to a stroke

23
Q

What happens or tissue in areas that are deprived of blood due to such blockages and why

A

Cells are deprived of oxygen leading to the death of the tissue

24
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease

A

Peripheral vascular disease is narrowing of the arteries due to atherosclerosis of arteries other than those of the heart or brain.

25
Q

Which arteries are most commonly affected by peripheral vascular disease

A

The arteries to the legs are most commonly affected

26
Q

Why is pain experienced in the leg

A

Pain is experienced in the leg muscles due to a limited supply of oxygen

27
Q

What is a deep vein thrombosis

A

A deep veins thrombosis is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, most commonly in the leg

28
Q

What happens if a deep vein thrombosis breaks off

A

If the clot breaks off and travels through the blood stream to the lungs, it may result in a pulmonary embolism. This can lead to collapse and sudden death.

29
Q

What is cholesterol

A

Cholesterol is a type of lipid found in the cell membrane. It is also used to make the sex hormones testosterone oestrogen and progesterone.

30
Q

Where is cholesterol produced

A

Cholesterols is synthesised by all cells, although 25% of total production takes place in the liver

31
Q

Which type of diet causes an increase in cholesterol levels

A

A diet high in saturated fats or cholesterol causes an increase in cholesterol levels in the blood

32
Q

What are the two important types of cholesterol carrying proteins in the blood

A
  • high density lipoproteins (HDL)
  • low density lipoproteins (LDL)
33
Q

What is the function of HDL

A

Transports excess cholesterol from the body cells to liver cells for elimination.

34
Q

What is the function of LDL in the body

A

Transports cholesterol to body cells

35
Q

How are LDLS able to deliver cholesterol into body cells

A
  • most cells have LDL receptors that take LDL into the cell where it releases cholesterol
36
Q

What happens once a cell has sufficient cholesterol

A

Once a cell has sufficient cholesterol a negative feedback system inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors and LDL circulates in the blood where it may deposit cholesterol in the arteries forming atheromas

37
Q

What does a lower ratio of HDL to LDL result in

A

Higher risk of CHD/CVD. A lower ratio of HDL to LDL will result in higher blood cholesterol and a increased chance of atherosclerosis

38
Q

What does a higher ratio of HDL to LDL result in

A

Low risk of CHD/CVD. A higher ratio of HDL to LDL will result in lower blood cholesterol and a reduced chance of atherosclerosis

39
Q

How to raise HDL levels

A
  • regular physical activity
  • consuming less total fat
  • replacing if saturated with unsaturated fat
40
Q

STATINS

A

Statins reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells

41
Q

What does the transport of excess cholesterol to the liver prevent

A

This prevents accumulation of cholesterol in the blood

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions