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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > UNIT 1 - KA8 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - KA8 Flashcards

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1
Q

During vigorous exercise what do muscle cells not get enough of and what happens under these conditions

A

During vigorous exercise, the muscle cells do not get sufficient oxygen to support the electron transport chain. Under these conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate

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2
Q

What does the conversion of pyruvate to lactate involve

A

This conversion involves the transfer of hydrogen from the NADH produced during glycolysis to pyruvate in order to produce lactate

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3
Q

What does the conversion of pyruvate into lactate regenerate

A

This regenerates the NAD needed to maintain ATP production through glycolysis

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4
Q

What happens when lactate accumulates

A

Lactate accumulates and muscle fatigue occurs.

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5
Q

What happens when the oxygen debt is repaid

A

This allows respiration to provide the energy to convert lactate back to pyruvate and glucose in the liver

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6
Q

How many molecules of ATP are generated per glucose molecule when cells do not get sufficient oxygen to support the electron transport chain

A

2 ATP molecules are generated per glucose molecule when muscle cells do not get sufficient oxygen to support the electron transport chain.

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7
Q

Name the two types of skeletal muscle fibres

A

Type 1 - SLOW TWITCH muscle fibres
Type 2 - FAST TWITCH muscle fibres

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8
Q

What is myoglobin

A
  • an oxygen storing protein myoglobin
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9
Q

How does myoglobin compare to haemoglobin

A
  • myoglobin has a stronger affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin
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10
Q

What function of myoglobin benefits skeletal muscle cells where it is found?

A

This is a benefit as myoglobin can extract oxygen from the blood for use by muscle cells - (especially those in slow - twitch muscle fibres)

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11
Q

What do most human muscle tissues contain

A

Most human muscle tissues contains a mixture of both slow and fast twitch muscle fibres that reflect their sporting activity

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12
Q

What is the speed of contraction of slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Contract More slowly /slower

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13
Q

What is the speed of contraction of fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Contract More quickly - faster

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14
Q

What is the length of time contraction is sustained in slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Contraction is sustained for a longer time

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15
Q

What is the length of time contraction is sustained in fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Contraction is sustained for a shorter time

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16
Q

What is the length of time before muscles fatigue in slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Longer time before muscles fatigue

17
Q

What is the length of time before muscles fatigue in fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Shorter time before muscles fatigue

18
Q

What is the respiratory pathway mainly used to generate ATP in slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Aerobic respiration mainly used to generate ATP

19
Q

What is the respiratory pathway mainly used to generate ATP in fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Glycolysis is mainly used to generate ATP

20
Q

What is the number of mitochondria present in slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Many mitochondria

21
Q

What is the number of mitochondria present in fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Fewer mitochondria

22
Q

What is the volume of blood supplied to slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Large blood supply to slow twitch muscle fibres

23
Q

What is the volume of blood supplied to fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Lower blood supply to fast twitch muscle fibres

24
Q

What is the concentration of myoglobin in cells of slow twitch muscle fibres

A

High concentration of myoglobin in cells of slow twitch muscle fibres

25
Q

What is the concentration of myoglobin in cells of fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Lower concentration of myoglobin in cells of fast twitch muscle fibres

26
Q

What is the major storage fuels used for slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Fats

27
Q

What is the major storage fuels used for fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Glycogen

28
Q

Activities slow twitch muscle fibres are useful for

A

Endurance activities like long distance running, cycling or cross country skiing

29
Q

Activities fast twitch muscle fibres are used for

A

Sprinting or weightlifting

30
Q

When is oxygen debt repaid

A

The oxygen debt is repaid when exercise is complete

31
Q

Where is myoglobin present

A

present in muscle cells

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (25 decks)

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