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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > UNIT 2 - KA2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - KA2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones

A

Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What happens when a hormone reaches its specific target tissue

A

When a hormone reaches its specific target tissue it brings about a specific effect

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3
Q

What do hormones control

A

Hormones control the onset of puberty, sperm production and the menstrual cycle

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4
Q

What happens at the onset of puberty

A

At the onset of puberty, the hypothalamus produces a releaser hormone which targets the pituitary gland

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5
Q

What happens as a result of the hypothalamus producing releaser hormones

A

As a result the pituitary glands is stimulated to produce two hormones

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6
Q

What two hormones does the pituitary gland produce

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) in men and luteinising hormone (LH) in women
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7
Q

What are the hormones released by the pituitary gland responsible for triggering

A

These hormones are responsible for triggering sperm production in men and menstruation in women

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8
Q

What does FSH stimulate the production of in males

A

FSH stimulates the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules in the testes

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9
Q

What does ICSH Stimulate the production of in men

A

ICSH stimulates the production of testosterone in the interstitial cells in the tests

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10
Q

The role of testosterone ) - i

A

It stimulates the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

The role of testosterone ) - ii

A

It stimulates the seminal vesicles and prostate gland to produce their secretions

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12
Q

The role of testosterone ) - iii

A

at high concentrations it inhibits the secretion of FSH and ICSH by the pituitary gland

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13
Q

What is the inhibition of the pituitary gland by testosterone an example of

A

This inhibition of the pituitary gland by testosterone is an example of negative feedback control

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14
Q

What is the release of the hormone testosterone back to the pituitary gland an example of

A

Hugh concentration of testosterone - this is an example of negative feedback control

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15
Q

What does high levels of testosterone cause inhibition of

A

Testosterone is under negative feedback control. High levels of testosterone cause inhibition of the pituitary gland which reduces the secretion of FSH and ICSH which in turn reduces the levels of testosterone

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16
Q

How many days approximately are in the menstrual cycle

A

The menstrual cycle takes approximately 28 days with the first day of menstruation regarded as day one

c

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17
Q

What are the four hormones directly involved with the control of the menstrual cycle

A
  • the pituitary hormones FSH and LH
  • the ovarian hormones oestrogen and progesterone
18
Q

What do the releaser hormones do

A

The releaser hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland

19
Q

What 2 hormones are produced by the pituitary gland in women

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinising hormone
20
Q

What is the role of FSH in women

A
  • stimulates the development of the follicle
  • stimulates the follicle to produce oestrogen
21
Q

What is the role of LH in women

A
  • surge in LH triggers ovulation
  • follicle develops into corpus luteum
  • corpus luteum secretes progesterone
22
Q

What is the first ovarian hormone produced

A

Oestrogen

23
Q

What is the second ovarian hormone produced

A

Progesterone

24
Q

When is progesterone secreted

A

Secretion of progesterone after ovulation

25
Q

What is the effect of secretion of oestrogen

A

Secretion of oestrogen stimulates the production of LH by pituitary

26
Q

What are the two effects of oestrogen on the uterus and pituitary gland

A
  • oestrogen stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium
  • oestrogen stimulates the secretion of LH by the pituitary gland
27
Q

How does oestrogen effect the uterus

A

Oestrogen stimulates proliferation (thickening due to cells dividing) of the endometrium ( inner layer of the uterus) in preparation for implantation of embryo

28
Q

How does oestrogen effect the pituitary gland

A

Oestrogen also stimulates the secretion of LH by the pituitary gland

29
Q

What is the first stage of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase

A

FSH stimulates the development of a follicle and the production of oestrogen by the follicle in the follicular phase

30
Q

What is the second stage of the menstrual cycle

A

Oestrogen stimulates proliferation of the endometrium preparing it for implantation and affects the consistency of the cervical mucus making it more easily penetrated by sperm. Peak levels of oestrogen cause a surge in the secretion of LH. This surge in LH triggers ovulation

31
Q

What is the third stage of the menstrual cycle

A

In the luteal phase the follicle develops into a corpus luteum which secretes progesterone. Progesterone promotes further development and vascularisation of the endometrium preparing it for implantation if fertilisation occurs

32
Q

What is the last stage of the menstrual cycle

A

The negative feedback effect of the ovarian hormones on the pituitary gland and the secretion of FSH and LH prevent further follicles from developing. The lack of LH leads to the degeneration of the corpus luteum with a subsequent drop in progesterone levels leading to menstruation

33
Q

What is ovulation

A

Ovulation is the release of an age (ovum) from a follicle in the ovary. It usually occurs around the mid point of the menstrual cycle

34
Q

What happens if fertilisation does occur

A

If fertilisation does occur the corpus luteum does not degenerate and progesterone levels remain high

35
Q

What is proliferation

A

Proliferation is the thickening of the inner lining of the uterus due to cells dividing

36
Q

What is vascularisation

A

Vascularisation is thickening due to cells becoming bigger into a spongy layer rich in blood vessels

37
Q

What does the lack of LH cause

A

The lack of LH leads to degeneration of the corpus luteum with a subsequent drop in progesterone levels leading to menstruation

38
Q

What are the two effects of progesterone on the uterus and pituitary gland

A
  • progesterone promotes vascularisation of endometrium
  • progesterone inhibits the secretions of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland
39
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the uterus

A
  • progesterone promotes vascularisation of the endometrium into a spongy layer rich in blood vessels for embryo implantation if fertilisation occurs
40
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the pituitary gland

A

Progesterone inhibits the secretions of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland

41
Q

How does the negative feedback control raise the concentration of testosterone if it has fallen to a low level

A
  • low levels of testosterone fails to inhibit the pituitary gland
  • an increased concentration of ICSH is released by thr pituitary gland
  • interstitial cells produce testosterone

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (25 decks)

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