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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > UNIT 1 - KA7 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - KA7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are mitochondrion found

A

mitochondria are found in the cytoplasm of living cells

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2
Q

What is the effect of the numerous folds in the inner membrane

A

The inner membrane has numerous folds in it which increase the surface area in which reactions occur

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3
Q

What is the fluid filled interior of the mitochondrion called

A

The fluid filled interior of the mitochondrion is called the central matrix

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4
Q

Where are many of the enzymes involved in respiration located

A

In this fluid is of the central matrix is where many of the enzymes involved in respiration are located

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5
Q

Draw a diagram of the mitochondria labelling three important features

A

Check jotter

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6
Q

What do cells such as muscle, nerve and liver cells contain and require

A

Cells which require a lot of energy such as muscle, nerve and liver cells contain many mitochondria with lots of folds on their inner membranes

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7
Q

Respiration occurs in three distinct stages :

A

STAGE 1 : GLYCOLYSIS
STAGE 2 : THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
STAGE 3 : THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

This stage occurs in the cells cytoplasm and not in the mitochondria

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9
Q

What does glycolysis involve

A

Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

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10
Q

The energy investment phase

A

When 2ATPs are required for the phosphorylation of intermediates (2ATPs are used up here)

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11
Q

The energy pay off phase

A

This leads to the generation of more ATP during the energy pay off stage (4 ATPs are produced)

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12
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis

A

The net gain of ATP from glycolysis is 2ATP

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13
Q

What is the role of dehydrogenase enzymes and where do they pass them to

A

Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons from a substance and pass them to the coenzyme NAD forming NADH

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14
Q

What is the name of the coenzyme molecule that the hydrogen ions and electrons are passed to and what is formed?

A

Hydrogen ions and electrons are passed to the coenzyme NAD forming NADH

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15
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen

A

Glycolysis does NOT require oxygen

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16
Q

What is a summary of glycolysis

A

ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates during the energy investment phase of glycolysis. This leads to the generation of more ATP during the energy pay off stage and results in a net gain of ATP

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17
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place

A

Citric acid cycle takes place in the central matrix of the mitochondrion

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18
Q

In aerobic conditions how is acetyl coenzyme A formed

A

In aerobic conditions pyruvate is broken down to an acetyl group that combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A

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19
Q

What is the role of dehydrogenase enzymes

A

Removes hydrogen ions and electrons (and pass them onto NAD to take to stage 3)

20
Q

Name the coenzyme that hydrogen ions and electrons are passed to in the citric acid cycle

A

NAD - a coenzyme

21
Q

Where does the coenzyme pass the hydrogen ions and electrons to

A

To the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane

22
Q

Apart from hydrogen what other substances are formed during the citric acid cycle

A

CO2 + ATP

23
Q

How is citrate formed

A

The acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate

24
Q

During a series of enzyme controlled steps what is citrate gradually converted back into

A

During a series of enzyme controlled steps, citrate is gradually converted back into oxaloacetate

25
Q

What does the conversion of citrate to oxaloacetate generate and release

A

Results in the generation of ATP and release of carbon dioxide

26
Q

What is the name of the third stage of cellular respiration

A

The electron transport chain

27
Q

What is the electron transport chain

A

The electron transport chain is a series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane

28
Q

What benefit do the folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane have

A

Folded = increases surface area

29
Q

What is the first stage of the electron transport chain

A

The electron transport chain is a series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane. (Folded = increased surface area)

30
Q

What is the second stage of the electron transport chain

A

The hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are passed to the electron transport chain (from stage 1 and 2). The electrons are passed along the electron transport chain releasing energy

31
Q

What is the third stage of the electron transport chain

A

This energy allows the hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane. (Against a concentration gradient)

32
Q

What is the fourth stage of the electron transport chain

A

The flow of these hydrogen ions back through the membrane protein ATP SYNTHASE results in the production of ATP

33
Q

What is the fifth stage of the electron transport chain

A

Finally hydrogen ions and electrons combine with oxygen to form water

34
Q

Where is the electron transport chain found

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

35
Q

What is the energy (released due to passing the electrons along with the electron transport chain) used for?

A

It allows hydrogen ions to be pumped across the membrane

36
Q

What happens when hydrogen ions flow back across the membrane

A

They are used to turn the ATP synthase molecule allowing ATP to be formed from ADP+Pi

37
Q

What is the final molecule that combines with hydrogen ions and electrons and what substance is formed

A

Oxygen = final hydrogen acceptor
Oxygen - hydrogen ions and electrons = water + electrons

38
Q

What is ATP used for

A

ATP is used to transfer energy to cellular processes which require energy

39
Q

Draw a diagram of the structure of Adenosine triphosphate and label the high energy bond

A

Check jotter

40
Q

Show the relationship between ATP and ADP

A

Check jotter

41
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

Phosphorylation is an enzyme controlled process by which a phosphate group is added to a molecule

42
Q

What effect does phosphorylation often have

A

Often phosphorylation increases the energy level or makes molecule more reactive

43
Q

Give two examples of anabolic cellular processes that require energy to take place

A
  • muscle cell contraction
  • cell division
44
Q

What substance must be present for the citric acid cycle to take place

A

Oxygen

45
Q

What is the importance of the regeneration of NAD

A

NAD allows dehydrogenase enzymes to function
NAD carries hydrogen ions

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (25 decks)

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