UNIT 2 introduction to reproduction lesson #1,2,4,5,7 Flashcards
what is reproduction?
reproduction is the process where one or more organisms make more organisms of the same species. During the process, some or all of the DNA from the parents is replicated and passed on to the offspring.
- this process ensures the survival of the species
what is asexual reproduction?
in which a single organism separates into two or more equal or unequal parts
- single parent organisms produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
- does not involve the fusion of gametes (reproductive cells) from two different individuals
-is typically faster and requires less energy but produces less genetic diversity
what are the types of asexual reproduction?
- fragmentation
- binary fission
- vegetative propagation
- budding
what is sexual reproduction?
two parent organisms that contribute to producing offspring
- fusion of gametes from two different individuals
- slower more energy
- fertilization and mitosis of gametes.
- greater genetic diversity, and causes evolution and adaption.
what is vegetative propagation?
A form of asexual reproduction in which plants produce genetically identical offshoots (clones) of themselves, which then develop into independent plants.
examples:
- plantlets(tiny plants) produced along a plants leaves
- fallen leaves may give rise to entire plants
under ideal conditions in some plants
- Runners/stolons–> thin, horizontal stems that produce roots and grow into new plants when they touch the ground (ex. strawberries)
what is binary fission?
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
examples:
amoeba, paramecium, bacteria
what is fragmentation?
Asexual reproduction in when a body part is lost and then regenerates into a new organism
examples:
Starfishes, turbellaria
what is budding?
a new individual grows on the parent and then separates
examples: yeast, hydra
what is the overall purpose of the design of the male reproductive system?
to produce the sex cell (gamete) called sperm and to deposit the sperm into the female
label the parts of the male reproductive system?
what is the function of the seminal vesicles
exocrine glands
-secretes fructose for sperm motility and prostaglandins (to guide sperm to correct fallopian tube in female)
two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move
what is the vas deferens?
-conveys mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct during ejaculation
-the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
what is the testes?
site of sperm autogenesis (sperm production ) and testosterone production, 2nd-degree sex traits
-produce sperm and testosterone
what is the urethra?
the tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
- coveys semen out through the penis; also same structure uses to excrete urine from the urinary blatter, with only one system
what is the scrotum?
The external sac that contains the testes
- holds and helps to protect the testicles
- temperature control
Cowper’s gland?
- exocrine gland
- secretes mucus solution into the urethra to lubricate the passageway
-Two bulbourethral glands, each approximately the size of a pea, which are located inferior to the prostate.
epididymis?
A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature.
- coiled tube attached to the outer edge of the testis to increase SA, and stores mature sperm, sperm leaves here only during ejaculation.
what is the prostate gland?
-exocrine gland
- secretes alkaline solution to neutralize acid conditions in the vagina
-A gland in males that contributes to the seminal fluid.
what is the penis?
- consists of erectile tissue so can become erect during sexual arousal, organ of transfer of sperm from male to female
what is the ejaculatory duct?
are where vas deferens meet the urethra
what is the job of the head of the epididymis?
stores mature sperm for 2 weeks
what is the job of the seminiferous tubules?
site of spermatogenesis (production of sperm gamete cells)
remember this..
label the parts of a sperm cell
what is the collective function of the three reproductive glands?
-testes, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles
- to provide energy, a fluid medium, and protection for sperm to leave the male body and survive in the female body. The energy is supplied as sugar to allow sperm to survive for about 3 days on its own, the fluid medium is to give the sperm avenue to travel up the fallopian tube in the female, and the protection is to allow the sperm to survive acidic vagina