Unit 1 chapter 5 endocrine system: the pituitary gland, osmoregulation, Thyroid gland, adrenal gland, anatomy of the pancreas, parathyroid glands Flashcards
what is a target cell? if hormones travel in the bloodstream, why don’t all tissues respond to all hormones?
-target cell refers to a specific cell type that is responsible to a particular hormone, neurotransmitters, or other signalling molecules. Not all tissues respond to all hormones because different cells express different sets of receptors for different hormones
What is the master gland
controls most other glands
- it does not control all glands such as pancreas and parathyroids
- size of a green pea
-anterior and posterior divided into.
what is the posterior pituitary
two hormones are made in the hypothalamus and released and stored in the posterior pituitary
- stores ADH and oxytocin
what is the anterior pituitary ?
-hormones are produced in anterior
-hypothalamus sends releasing hormones to signal the anterior pituitary to make send out specific hormones.
What are the six hormones in the anterior lobe?
-FSH/LH -follicle stimulating hormone go to gonads
-ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone
-TSH-Thyroid stimulating hormone
-PROLACTIN
-GH- Growth hormone
What are the two hormones that come out the posterior lobe?
ADH and oxytocin
GOAT FLAP is a tool we use to remember the eight hormones coming from the pituitary gland what are they?
G- GH- growth hormone —->anterior pituitary—->Muscloskeletal liver, bones
O- Oxytocin —->posterior pituitary going to mammary gland and uterus
A- ADH —–> posterior going to kidneys
T- TSH—->thyroid stimulating hormone—-> anterior pituitary —->thyroid
F- FSH—-> anterior pituitary—–> follicle stimulating hormone going to gonads
L- LH —–> Anterior pituitary—-> gonads
A- ACTH—-> anterior pituitary—-> adrenal cortex
P- prolactin hormone —-> anterior pituitary —> milk glands create more milk
What does tropic mean? and what are the tropic hormones
-Tropic hormones, on the other hand, are hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones from target glands. These hormones do not have a direct effect on target organs but instead regulate the function of other glands. For example, the pituitary gland secretes tropic hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulate the ovaries and testes to produce estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
- when they are released they target organ is another endocrine gland
- TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
What are non-tropic ? and what are the non-tropic hormones?
Non-tropic hormones, also known as direct hormones, act directly on target organs to produce a specific effect. For example, insulin is a non-tropic hormone that acts on muscle and fat cells to promote glucose uptake and storage.
- prolactin
- ADH
- Oxytocin
What is the hormone that has both tropic and non-tropic affects?
GH
What is the physiological effect TSH?
stimulates the thyroid glands to produce hormones and controls metabolism in the body
What is the physiological affects of ACTH hormone on the body?
- stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce hormones
- control of stess
What is the physiological affects of prolactin in the body?
- stimulates mammary gland for growth and milk production
What is the physiological affects of GH in the body?
stimulates the liver to produce growth factors that stimulate bone and cartilage growth…long bones
What is the physiological affects of FSH AND LH in the body?
FSH- stimulates development of follicles
- stimulates the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
LH- stimulates ovulation (female) and production of testosterone (males)
What is the physiological effects of ADH in our body?
stimulates retention water, increasing its permeability of distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons.
- used when dehydration is occurred
What is the physiological affects of oxytocin in the body?
stimulates uterine contractions when giving birth, and promotes milk ejection reflex in mammary glands
label the parts of the endocrine system?
What components make up the endocrine system?
- endocrine gland- secretes hormones
- hormone- chemical messenger
- target cell- contains matching receptor to respond appropriately to hormone
What is the sequential order of the components of an endocrine systems?
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?Which gland in the body is both endocrine and exocrine?
Exocrine glands:
- glands contain ducts for transport
-secretes enzymes, water, oil and other chemicals; anything BUT hormones
- short distance signalling
- have to be located next to their target organs
Endocrine glands:
- ductless glands
- only secrete hormones
- to transport hormones, the circulatory system is used (i.e long distance signalling)
- do not have to be located next to their target organs
PANCREAS IS THE ONLY GLAND IN BODY THAT IS BOTH
What are hormones and what are the two different types of hormones?
-HORMONE: chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
1. Action peptide hormones :
- made from amino acids
- water soluble
-binds to a receptor in the cell membrane
- hormone makes cell membrane more permeable to specific chemicals in the interstitial fluid
-activate existing enzyme in cell
- tend to act quickly for short period of time
- quicker because they activate enzyme that already exists in cell
e.g : Insulin binds to a receptor and makes cell more permeable to glucose
- Action of steroid hormones:
- made from cholesterol
- fat soluble
- can diffuse right through the phoslipid bilayer of cell membrane
- hormone goes into nuclear and activates the cells DNA to increase protein synthesis
e.g Testosterone increases muscle development
Explain the process of what happens when dehydration occurs in the body?
- Body is out of balance so dehydration if a stimulus
- hypothalamus makes ADH and stores it in post. pit.
- Post. Pit releases ADH and (non tropic peptide hormone)
- travels via blood pasta to nephrons in kidney
- lands on a distal tubule and collect duct receptors, causes those cells to increase permeability to water
- water reabsorbed back in blood (response : high water levels in blood)
- Symptoms; less water in urine, urine is concentrated yellow; urine volute output low
What happens to the collecting duct when ADH is present?
is highly permeable to water
- small volume of concentrated urine
what happens to the collecting duct when ADH is not present ?
- not permeable to water
-urine diluted and high volume
Describe the negative feedback loop of growth and maturation (somotatropin ) ?
- the hGh hormone is released to help growth in long bones and this happens during puberty
- liver converts glycogen into glucose to help fuel growth
negative feedback loop for the control of metabolism in body?
what is hyperthyroidism ?
- t3/t4 levels are elevated in blood
- leads to increased metabolism
- this hurts off the hypothalamus from releasing TRH which shuts off the anterior pituitary from releasing TSH
- TSH blood levels lower than normal
e.g graves disease - eyes bulging
what is hypothyroidism ?
- underachieve thyroid gland
- T3/t4 levels remain low, thus cannot raise metabolism
- you gain weight and are always tired
- hypothalamus is always on, anterior pituitary signalling TRH
- anterior pituitary constantly releasing TRH to thyroid
- TSH levels higher than normal t3/t4 levels lower than normal
E.G myxoedema - hypo in adults
Cretinism - in children
curable by taking iodine supplements
what is the adrenal medulla - short term stress negative feedback loop?
the pituitary glands is NOT apart of the short term stress
what are the two layers of the adrenal gland?
- adrenal cortex long term stress maintenance
- Adrenal medulla short term stress
describe how Na+ is regulated by aldosterone ?
describe the regulation of cortisol and its relationship to blood glucose levels?
what is the anatomy of pancreas
- duodenum
- bile ducts
- pancreatic hormones in blood
- islets of langerhans
- enzymes
- NaHCO3
- Blood capillary
Indicate the dual function of the pancreas having both endocrine and exocrine functions?
exocrine- digestive enzymes that are secreted into the duodenum to finish digestion
endocrine- blood sugar regulating hormones that are secreted into the blood to control blood sugar levels
distinguish between alpha and beta islet cells?
beta- inside, secrete insulin, decrease blood sugar levels
alpha- outside, secrete glucagon, increase blood sugar levels
complete the biofeedback loop for the regulation of blood sugar levels in the body?
what is diabetes mellitus ? explain type one and two? what are the symptoms?
Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. It occurs when the body is unable to properly use and store glucose due to a deficiency of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the blood.
type 1: absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune disease destroying beta cells As a result, the body cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels, and insulin injections are necessary to manage the condition.
type 2: insulin resistance in body meaning you make insulin but your body doesn’t respond to it, beta cell failure, usually adult.
-This is a condition in which the body becomes resistant to insulin, meaning that it does not respond properly to the hormone. Over time, the pancreas may become unable to produce enough insulin to compensate for this resistance. Type 2 diabetes is often associated with lifestyle factors such as obesity, lack of exercise, and poor diet.
Symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing of wounds, and increased susceptibility to infections. Left untreated, diabetes can lead to a range of complications, including nerve damage, kidney disease, eye problems, and cardiovascular disease.
label parts of this position of PT glands in body?
biofeedback loop of blood calcium levels (BCL)
