Unit 1 chapter 2 central nervous system- spinal cord Flashcards
What type of neurons make up the spinal cord?
interneurons
what protects the spinal cord?
is protected by the vertebral column and CSF cerebrospinal fluid
what is the gray matter of the spinal cord?
nerve cell bodies arranged in a butterfly shape with anterior and posterior “horns”
dorsal root of spinal nerve?
carries afferent (sensory) information
ventral root of spinal nerve?
This structure contains the cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles.
what is the white matter of the spinal cord?
White matter in the spinal cord is sometimes called superficial tissue because it is located in the outer regions of the brain and spinal cord.
what is a reflex?
a reflex is a rapid, involuntary, stereotyped pattern of response brought by a sensory stimulus
-an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought.
what is a reflex arc?
a neural pathway mediating the reflex actions is called a reflex arc
- Involuntary response to an external stimulus. Direct connection between sensory and motor neuron without connection to brain
What does the central nervous system control?
receives and sends information from receptors (sensory nervous) to effectors (motor neurons) via association neurons.
-receives, processes, stores, and transfers information
What is somatic Peripheral nervous system and what does it control?
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
- e.g running, and the act of feeling
- brings external hemostasis moving skeletal muscles
What is the autonomic peripheral nervous system and what does it control?
the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.
- involuntary, subconscious actions
- brings internal homeostasis
- involves smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands
- dominant NT is norepinephrine
e.g digestion, Blood pressure
What is the autonomic peripheral nervous system and what does it control?
the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.
- involuntary, subconscious actions
- brings internal homeostasis
- involves smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands
- dominant NT is norepinephrine
e.g digestion, Blood pressure
What is parasymphatic atomic peripheral NS?
-the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
-controls feed and breed response (or relax and repair responses)
- decreases actions therefore negative feedback system
- creates stability and homeostasis
-e.g HR decreases, BP decreases, metabolism decreases
What is sympathetic autonomic peripheral ?
(flight or fight) automatic we can’t control it: increased heart rate, dilation of pupils, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction
- increases actions, therefore positive feedback system
- creates instability (can lead to nervous breakdown)
- HR increases
- BR increases
What is cerebrospinal fluid? (CSF)
The fluid allows the brain to be buoyant protecting them from blows or other trauma
- CSF is made by “holes” in the brain and contain useful lens, water and molecules
What is the meninges of the brain?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
- three layers membranes that completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord offering further protection and organization
difference between the left and right hemisphere?
the difference sides of the cerebrum do different things for the opposite sides of the body the RH controls imagination, 3-D forms (arts) the LH controls the numbering skills (maths), logic
what are the four lobes of the brain?
- FRONTAL LOBE
- PARIETAL
- OCCIPITAL
- TEMPORAL
What does the Pariental Lobe control?
involved in processing sensory information, specifically touch
- perception of pressure and pain
- touch, taste, temp/skin
What does the occipital lobe control?
vision
What does temporal lobe control?
hearing and smell
What are all the nine labeled parts of the brain?
- cerebrum
- corpus callosum
- Thalamus
- Spinal cord
- Cerebellum
- Medulla oblongata
- pons
- pituitary gland
- hypothalamus
What is cerebrum ?
Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.
corpus callosum
A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.
- connects the left and right side of hemisphere
What is thalamus?
the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
what is the cerebellum?
the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
- hand eye coordination regulates fine motor movements
role of medulla oblongata ?
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion, swallowing, vomiting
what is pons in the brain?
Management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions.
- connecting lower brain to upper
pituitary gland function in the brain and what it does?
The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
- “master gland” controls most other endocrine glands
What is the hypothalamus ?
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
