unit 1 chapter 3 (hearing, taste, touch and smell)

Question 1

What is the stimulus for sound to occur?

Answer 1

sound which are pressure waves

Question 2

what is the name of the type of sensory receptors that respond to movement?

Answer 2

mechano receptors

Question 3

Label the parts of the ear …. remember

Answer 3

Question 4

outer ear

Answer 4

• pinna captures compression waves and channels them to auditory canal.
• auditory canal channels waves to tympanic membrane
• tympanic membrane vibrates in response to these compression waves
  -The part of the ear that collects sound waves; consists of the pinna, the ear canal, and the eardrum.

Question 5

Middle ear

Answer 5

• ossicles vibrate in response to the vibrations of the membrane
• final ossicle fuses with the oval window to vibrate
• since the diameter of the oval window is smaller than the diameter of tympanic membrane, the oval window vibrates more forcibly
• Eustachian tube is present to equalize external air pressure- blowing air up nose or yawning pressure help equalize pressure on the eardrum
  -the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer (malleus) , anvil (incus) , and stirrup (stapes) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

Question 6

inner ear

Answer 6

• The vibrating oval window causes fluid in the cochlea to move.
• The cochlea is the part of the ear where compression waves are converted into an electrochemical impulse (i.e action potential)
• the cochlea contains the organ of court which houses hair cells ( mechanoreceptors, sensory neurons). This is the site of hearing
• the round window is below the oval window. and is used dissipate excess fluid movement in the cochlea.
• Any excess pulsing of fluid in the cochlea vibrates the round window and its movement removes the excess energy out your Eustachian tube

Question 7

Organ of corti ?

Answer 7

Center part of the cochlea, containing hair cells, canals, and membranes
- contains mechano-receptor hair cells (sensory neurons)

Question 8

Explanation of how sound is converted into an Action potential (impulse) using mechanoreceptors

Answer 8

1. The functional part of the cochlea is the organ of corti
2. The organ of corti contains hair cells called mechanoreceptors
3. when the oval window vibrates. It causes the fluid in the cochlea to ripple.
4. The fluid moves over the cells causing them to bend.
5. bending causes depolarization in the hair cells
6. The hair cells connect to the auditory nerve which takes the message to the temporal lobe via the thalamus

Question 9

Types of hearing loss:

Answer 9

nerve deafness

Conduction deafness

Question 10

Nerve deafness

Answer 10

• aging
  -hair cells in the inner ear break down
• auditory nerve becomes damaged
  -loud noise
  -cant recover

Question 11

Conduction deafness

Answer 11

• wax buildup in ear canal
  -fluid in middle ear from infection
  -damaged ossicles
  -sounds can not be transmitted through auditory canal or middle ear
• can recover
• Perforated eardrums

Question 12

CAT scan :

Answer 12

X rays from different angles fed into computer which complies the images into one whole body part, can show soft tissue with decent clarity; cheaper than on MRI.

Question 13

MRI scan

Answer 13

Magnetic resonance imagery uses strong magnetic fields to generate images of in the body in great detail.

Question 14

What is EEG ?

Answer 14

Electroencephalogram is a noninvasive test used to evaluate cerebral cortex brain disorders or to confirm brain death

Question 15

PET scan

Answer 15

the scan captures images of the activity of the brain after radio active “traces”, have been absorbed into bloodstream. These tracers are attached to compounds like glucose or ATP which helps them detect abnormalities

Question 16

Vestibule (structure used to maintain balance ) Ear

Answer 16

• head motion only
• The types of receptors used in this ear is mechanoreceptors
  (hair cells)
  -head motion cerebellum—->thalamus—->frontal lobe
  -The portion of the inner ear that senses the position of the head. Its sensory epithelium is contained in two saclike spaces: the utricle and the saccule.

Question 17

What is the type of receptor is across the joints in the tendons of the ear?

Answer 17

Proprioreceptors
(stretch receptors)

Question 18

Type of receptors in semicircular canals of the ear ?

Answer 18

Mechanoreceptors (hair cells)

Question 19

where are the mechanoreceptors located?

Answer 19

Canals and vestibule

Question 20

Where do the impulses from the vestibule go/transmitted to?

Answer 20

Head motion—-> cerebellum—-> Thalamus ——> frontal lobe

Question 21

Where do the impulses from the semicircular canals transmit too?

Answer 21

Head-to-toe motion cerebellum —–> thalamus—-> frontal and pariental

Question 22

impulses from proprioreceptors transmitted to what?

Answer 22

Body motion spinal cord—-> thalamus—-> parietal lobe

Question 23

Mechanism to maintain head balance Homeostasis ?

Answer 23

-Head motion shifts otoliths (they respond to gravity)
- The otoliths drag the gelatinous material with them
- this shift moves the hair cells embedded in the gelatinous material
- the bending of the hair cells causes depolarization
- message sent to cerebellum—-> thalamus —-> frontal lobe

Question 24

Mechanism to Maintain entire body balance homeostasis

Answer 24

• body motion shifts gelatinous material earwax to semicircular canals
• this shift causes the hair cells embedded in the gelatinous material to bend
  -the bending action causes depolarization of the hair cells
• the message is sent to the cerebellum—->thalamus—–>frontal (motor cortex) and parietal (touch)

Question 25

Mechanism to maintain body only balance homeostasis

Answer 25

-proprioreceptors at body joint bend due to stretching —> spinal cord—->cerebellum —-> thalamus —-> parietal lobe —-> frontal lobe (if necessary) (tomato sensory)(motor cortex)

Question 26

Label the parts of the nose

Answer 26

1. frontal lobe of cerebral hemisphere
2. olfactory bulb
3. olfactory epithelium
4. odor molecules
5. nasal cavity
6. olfactory bulb
7. olfactory tract
8. neuron
9. base of skull
10. sensory nerve fibers
11. olfactory cell
12. olfactory cilia of olfactory cell
13. olfactory epithelium
14. supporting cell

Question 27

what are the sensory receptors commonly referred to as in the nose?

Answer 27

chemoreceptors

Question 28

draw a flowchart outlining the steps involved when olfactory cells detect odours in general ?

Answer 28

Question 29

which two types of sensory neurons are closest to the surface of the skin ?

Answer 29

free nerve endings and Merkel discs

Question 30

What are the name of the classes apart of the sensory receptors ?

Answer 30

• merkel discs
• Krause end bulbs
• Ruffini endings
• pacinian corpuscles and Meissner corpuscles

Question 31

Where in the brain would the pain receptors send their impulse?

Answer 31

parietal lobe

Question 32

where, in the brain would the touch receptors in the palm of your hand send their impulse?

Answer 32

parietal lobe

Question 33

Where in the brain would the pressure receptors send their impulse ?

Answer 33

parietal lobe

Question 34

where in the brain would the temperature receptors send their impulse?

Answer 34

parietal lobe