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Geography Gr 9 > Unit 2: Interactioms In The Physical Environment > Flashcards

Unit 2: Interactioms In The Physical Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

A

Earth’s outer shell is divided into large slabs of rocks called ‘plates’ that glide over the Earth’s mantle.

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2
Q

What does the Continental Drift Theory state?

A

Continents move over time.

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3
Q

What is convergent plate movement?

A

Plates move away from each other, causing both to get larger, commonly along mid-ocean ridges.

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4
Q

What occurs at divergent plate boundaries when continental meets oceanic plates?

A

Oceanic rocks are denser, causing it to subduct under continental rocks.

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5
Q

What happens during subduction?

A

Subducted plate goes into the Earth’s interior and is recycled.

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6
Q

What is created when continental plates meet?

A

Rocks are forced upwards by immense pressure, creating most of the Earth’s mountain ranges.

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7
Q

What characterizes transform boundaries?

A

Plates move roughly in parallel; they neither get larger nor smaller.

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8
Q

True or False: Subduction can cause earthquakes.

A

True

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9
Q

List the geologic eras from earliest to recent.

A
  • Precambrian
  • Paleozoic
  • Mesozoic
  • Cenozoic
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10
Q

What percentage of Earth’s history does the Precambrian era represent?

A

88%

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11
Q

What major geologic event occurred during the Paleozoic era?

A

Large areas of North America were covered by shallow seas and the Appalachians formed.

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12
Q

What significant biological event happened during the Cenozoic era?

A

Humans develop and modern forms of life evolve.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of ice advancing and covering large areas of land is called _______.

A

[glaciation]

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14
Q

What are the erosional effects of glaciation?

A
  • Removal of materials
  • Changes to drainage patterns
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15
Q

What do sedimentary rocks form from?

A

Eroded rocks after millions of years of compaction and cementation.

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16
Q

What characterizes metamorphic rocks?

A

High temperature/pressure can change rocks into ‘changed’ versions of sedimentary and igneous rocks.

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17
Q

How do igneous rocks form?

A

When magma cools.

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18
Q

What is the Canadian Shield?

A

Foundation of Canada; covers half of it and contains some of the world’s oldest rocks.

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19
Q

True or False: The Hudson’s Bay - Arctic Lowlands is a flat, low-lying area with a harsh climate.

A

True

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20
Q

What factors contribute to climate as per the acronym LOWERN?

A
  • Latitude
  • Ocean Currents
  • Wind and air masses
  • Elevation
  • Relief
  • Near water
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21
Q

Fill in the blank: Temperature gets cooler as you move further away from the _______.

A

[equator]

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22
Q

What is the difference between climate and weather?

A

Climate refers to long-term weather patterns, while weather describes conditions at a given time.

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23
Q

What is the effect of elevation on temperature?

A

Temperature increases as elevation does.

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24
Q

How is total annual precipitation calculated?

A

Add all monthly precipitations.

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25
Q

What human activities contribute to carbon dioxide emissions?

A
  • Burning fossil fuels
  • Industrial emissions
  • Deforestation
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26
Q

What is Direct Air Capture (DAC)?

A

A process that enables carbon removal and permanently stores them.

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27
Q

What is mitigation in the context of climate change?

A

The act of reducing how harmful or bad something is by addressing the root of the problem.

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28
Q

What is an example of adaptation in climate change?

A

Changing processes to suit different conditions, such as pouring water out of a boat.

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29
Q

What is the role of ocean currents in climate?

A

Ocean currents affect temperature and weather patterns, particularly for locations near water bodies.

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30
Q

What is the significance of the Western Cordillera?

A

It’s the youngest mountain range in Canada, formed by the collision of the North American and Pacific plates.

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31
Q

What are the three major mountain divisions of the Western Cordillera?

A
  • Eastern Mountains
  • Interior Plateaus
  • Coast Mountains
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32
Q

What is the primary function of a large fan in carbon capture technology?

A

It draws in air from the environment

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33
Q

What does the filter in carbon capture technology remove from the air?

A

CO2

34
Q

What happens to the filter material after CO2 is captured?

A

It is heated to release captured CO2

35
Q

What are the two outcomes for CO2 after it is captured?

A
  • Stored into other goods
  • Filtered air is released back into the atmosphere
36
Q

What does CCS stand for?

A

Carbon capture and storage

37
Q

What percentage of CO2 emissions can CCS capture?

A

At least 90%

38
Q

What are the three main steps involved in CCS?

A
  • Capture
  • Transport
  • Store it underground
39
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere

40
Q

Name a human source of carbon dioxide.

A

Fossil fuel combustion

41
Q

Name a natural source of carbon dioxide.

A

Volcanic eruptions

42
Q

What is a human source of methane?

A

Agricultural practices

43
Q

What is a natural source of methane?

A

Wetlands

44
Q

What is a human source of nitrous oxide?

A

Fertilizer application

45
Q

What is a natural source of nitrous oxide?

A

Soil processes

46
Q

What is a human source of hydrofluorocarbons?

A

Refrigerants

47
Q

What is a natural source of hydrofluorocarbons?

A
48
Q

What is a human source of perfluorocarbons?

A

Industrial processes

49
Q

What is a natural source of perfluorocarbons?

A
50
Q

What does mitigation refer to in the context of climate change?

A

Efforts to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases

51
Q

Provide an example of mitigation.

A

Renewable energy adoption

52
Q

What does adaptation refer to in the context of climate change?

A

Adjusting practices, processes, and structures to minimize damage from climate change

53
Q

Provide an example of adaptation.

A

Building flood defenses

54
Q

What characterizes tundra soils?

A
  • Rocky and thin
  • Only the upper active layer defrosts during summer
55
Q

What are wet climate soils ideal for?

A

Agriculture

56
Q

What characterizes dry-climate soils?

A

Low precipitation prevents soil nutrients from washing away

57
Q

What influences the complex soils of mountain areas?

A

Elevation, relief, and climate patterns

58
Q

What are the soil horizons?

A
  • O a layer of organic debris and loose leaves at the surface. Also known as humus
  • A topsoil ( the uppermost layer of spoil)
  • E ( eluviated) layerfound below the a or o horizon and above b horizon
  • B subsoil. Often a zone of accumulation for clay, iron, etc
  • C substratum. Above bedrock and made up of unconsolidated material.
  • R lowest layer of soil (bedrock)
59
Q

What is found in the O Horizon?

A

Humus

60
Q

What is the A Horizon also known as?

A

Topsoil

61
Q

What does the E Horizon contain?

A

Extras from topsoil, made of sands and silts

62
Q

What is the B Horizon characterized by?

A

Accumulation of leached minerals and nutrients

63
Q

What is the C Horizon?

A

Regolith, partially broken down parent material

64
Q

What is the R Horizon?

A

Bedrock unbroken parent material

65
Q

What characterizes the Boreal and Taiga Forest?

A

Largest vegetation region filled with coniferous forests

66
Q

Where are Grasslands typically found?

A

Southern prairies where it’s too dry for trees

67
Q

What is unique about the Deciduous Forest?

A

Smallest vegetation region, located in Southwestern Ontario

68
Q

What is the Mixed Forest?

A

Transition zone between Boreal and Deciduous forests

69
Q

What defines Cordillera vegetation?

A

Varies due to differing climate and soil factors

70
Q

What characterizes the Tundra?

A

Cold and dry climate with low-growing plant species

71
Q

What defines the West-coast forest?

A

Large amounts of precipitation and warm temperatures

72
Q

How has vegetation changed in Canada?

A

Many areas are no longer covered by natural vegetation due to human activities

73
Q

What are coniferous trees?

A

Needle-leaved trees that adapt to colder/drier weathers

74
Q

Provide an example of a coniferous tree.

A

Pine tree

75
Q

What are deciduous trees?

A

Trees that drop leaves every year

76
Q

Provide an example of a deciduous tree.

A

Oak

77
Q

Where does Indigenous Knowledge come from?

A

Oral histories, hunting and fishing patterns, and long-term observations

78
Q

How will researchers gather data from Indigenous peoples?

A

Interviews with members that have direct experience with land use

79
Q

How does Indigenous Knowledge assist researchers?

A

Increases confidence in research findings and connects place names to climate change

80
Q

Glaciation depositional effects of ice

A

Creates till plains and moraines

Geography Gr 9 (7 decks)

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