Unit 2 high yield IPA Flashcards
Normal weber test results vs abnormal
Normal: Sound in both ears equally.
Conductive: Sound lateralizes to affected ear
Sensorineural loss: Sound lateralizes to normal ear (decreased nerve function in affected ear)
Normal Rinne test
AC> BC (This is positive, which is normal )
BC>AC =negative Rinne test (always abnormal)
Common causes of conductive hearing loss
Wax impaction (cerumen)
Otitis Media (fluid in middle ear space)
Ostosclerosis
TM perforation
What does otitis media usually come with
Often comes with URI
Signs of acute otitis media
- Bulging TM (most specific)
- Loss of Light Reflex
- Ear Pain, Fever, Hearing loss
If you have Cholestorol deposits in eyelids that are bilateral and in yellow-white plaques, what is this?
Xanthelasma
What is Chronic inflammation of the eyelid margins with scaling and crusting?
Blepharitis
What is the most common eyelid malignancy?
Basal Cell carcinoma (pearly, rolled borders)
Risk factors of Oral Cancer
Tobacco, Alcohol consumption, HPV infection
What are white or red patches on the tongue that can’t be scraped off known as?
Leukoplakia or erythroplakia
What is an eye concern accompanied by severe pain, decreased vision, mid-dialated pupil, and nausa/vommeting?
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Which eye concern is accompanied by the feeling of something in your eye, light sensitivity, and people who wear contact lenses are at a greater risk of it?
Keratitis
What eye concern is accompanied by photophobia, deep eye pain, and a small pupil?
Uveitis- often autoimmune releated
High-risk features for foreign body in eye?
High-velosity, chemicals, occupation
On fundoscopic exam, if you see blurred disc margins, vessel obscuration, hemmorhages around the disc, and Increased ICP, what is this called?
Papilledema-
Characterized by swelling of the optic disc, increased ICP.
You see fluid buildup in the ear. What is this called if there is vs isnt an infection accompanying it?
Otitis media if it is infection
Middle ear Effusion without infection
Your patient has chronic granulomatous inflammation of meibomian gland, with a firm nontender nodule. What do they have?
Chalazion
What is an acute infection of the eyelid gland with painful, red swelling?
Hordeolum (stye)
Describe a geographic tongue and its condition
Benign condition, irregular red patches, sensitive to spicy foods
Describe a black hairy tongue
Elongated papillae, dark discoloration, often from oral hygiene, can be caused by antibiotics
Which type of tongue disorder can be caused by antibiotics
black hairy tongue
Difference between thrush and leukoplakia on the tongue
Thrush can be scraped off, leukoplakia can’t be scraped off
You have a patient who wears contact lenses and is complaining about eye pain. Which disorder are you most concerned about
Keratitis (inflammation of cornea, most common cause of corneal blindness)
If you have a corneal abrasion, what type of test do you have a positive result for?
The positive flourescein test.
If you have pain in your tragus, is this otitis externa or otitis media
Otitis externa has pain in tragus
Most common bacteria to cause otitis externa
psudomoneas argerunosa
Allergic vs infectious rhinitis
Allergic: Clear nose, sneezing fits, eye and nose itching, response to antihistamines
Infectious: Colored discharge, acute onset, systemic systems
If you have a patient who has flashing lights and floaters, accompanied by curtain-like vision loss, with no pain, what do they most likely have?
Retinal detachment- treat as emergency
If your patient has a sudden, painless loss of vision that comes on randomy, and has a cherry-red spot on fundoscopic examination, what is likely occuring?
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
What is near vision that decreases progressively over time as we age called?
Presbyopia
Common causes of tinnitus?
Noise-induced (go to a very loud concert, etc)., Age-related hearing loss, medication-induced (asprin, antibiotics), Wax impaction
How many centemeters above the right atrium is the angle of louis
5cm (that’s what we add for JVP)
Common causes of thyroid gland enlargement
Grave’s disease- enlarged thyroid (hyperthyroid)
- Hashimotis diesase (hypothyroid)
If you have firm, non-tender and fixed lymph nodes, what is this indicative of?
Malignancy and granulomatous infection
If you have rubbery-feeling lymph nodes, what is this indicative of?
lymphoma
Which CN tests visual acuity
CN 2 (optic)
Which nerves innervate the extra ocular muscles
CN 3, 4, and 6
Where do you see a light in the corneal light reflex?
Should see reflection slightly nasal to center of pupils
- Tests for esotropia vs exotropia
Which eye muscle and nerve move the eye laterally?
Lateral rectus moves it laterally, innervated by CN 6 (abducens)
Which eye muscle and nerve move the eye down/rotate internally?
Superior oblique moves eye down when adducted, and rotates internally. Innervated by CN 4 (trochlear)
Which eye muscle/nerve move the eye upwards and inwards
CN 3 (occulomotor)
Inferior oblique moves up, medial rectus moves in.
Hypertropia vs hypotropia
A deviation upward vs a deviation downward
Describe how Amblyopia develops
Strabismus ( one eye turned abnormally in a direction) leads to diplopia (double images), which leads to confusion, so the brain suppresses the image which leads to a lazy eye (amblyopia). The brain shuts off that area so they eye is no longer receiving input.
What is double vision called and what disorder is it related to in children?
Diplopia is double images, and related to amblyopia (lazy eye) development
What part of the eye is implicated in a cataract?
Lens has no more clarity, clouding that causes vision loss
What kind of temporary blindness can occur after an eye exam?
Amaurosis Fugax- lack of blood flow to retina b/c of eye exam
What is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in the USA?
Open-angle glaucoma- gradual loss of vision in peripheral fieds, retinal exam shows increasing size of optic cup
What are the 5 different types of red eyes, and which is the most severe?
Conjunctivitis- little pain, treatable.
Subconjnctival hemorrhage- looks very scary, not very significant.
Corneal infection- Moderate to servere pain, decreased vision, but treateble
Acute iritis- Decreased vision, deep aching pain. Refer to urgent care.
Acute Angle closure Glaucoma- Immediate emergent refferal, decreased vision and severe, deep pain.
Which nerve is impacted in sensorineural hearing loss
CN 8 ( Vestibulochochlear)
If you have a patient complaining of hearing loss and they are speaking REALLY loud, is this likely conductive or sensorineural?
Sensorineural hearing loss- hear less by AC and BC, and speak louder.
If you have a patient complaining of hearing loss and they are speaking REALLY quiet, is this likely conductive or sensorineural?
Conductive- they hear their own voices well, and think their voice is loud, so they talk quieter,.
Which nerve is impaired if your patient comes to you noticing she can’t smell anything?
CN 1- olfactory
Halitosis vs Xerostomia?
Bad breath vs dry mouth
Where do the vocal cords attach in terms of cartilage?
Arytenoid cartilage
Which cranial nerve is dysfuncitoning if the patients’ tongue is not bilateral, but to one side?
CN 12.
