Unit 2 Flashcards
Where do most head and neck cancers begin
Moist tissues that line the mouth, nose, and throat
What joint do we palpate on the head and face, looking for tenderness?
TMJ
Which glands do you palpate on the head and face
Parotid glands and submandibular glands
What is it called when the pupils are less than 2mm
Miosis (Constricted)
What is it called when pupils are >6mm?
Mydriasis (dialated)
What is the eye motion going internally and upwards?
Intorsion
What is the eye motion going externally and upwards?
Extorsion
What structures connect to the tear sac?
Puncta–>canaliculi–>tear sac–> nasolacrimal duct
When a light is shined in one eye, both pupils constrict. What is this reflex called?
Pupilary light reflex
What is the pathway of light through the eye
Cornea–>anterior chamber –> pupil –> lens –> vitreous humor –> retina –> optic nerve
Cats Always Play Loudly, Very Rarely Outside
What is the middle layer of the eye that is vascular and provides nourishment to the eye?
Choroid
What structure senses light through rods and cones
retina
What is the head of the optic nerve, where optic nerve fibers exit the eye?
Optic disc
What is the center of the optic disc and how much space does it take up?
Physiologic cup, 30% of the diamater of the disc
What structure is temporal and inferior to the disc, containing fovea in the center?
The macula (contains only cones)
What photoreceptors detect motion and night vision
rods
Images on the retina are what direction?
Upside down and reversed L to R
What does OD mean vs OS vs OU
Right eye vs Left eye vs both eyes
What is an absense of refractive error known as
emmetropia
Good vision- no nearsided/farsighted
When light is focused posterior to the retina, what is this called?
Hyperopia
difficulty seeing close
When light is focused anterior to the retina, what is this called?
Myopia
nearsidedness
cant see far
When light is not uniformly focused in all directions because a cornea is not perfectly spherical, what is this?
Astigmatism
What is it called when near vision decreases progressively as a result of decrease in the eye’s ability to accomodate?
Presbyopia
Which nerve tests visual fields (i.e. peripheral vision)
CN 2 (optic)
What does CN 2 (optic) nerve test?
Peripheral
What is an area of depressed vision?
Scotoma
What is the blind spot known as/ what broader category does it fall into?
A scotoma (an area of depressed vision)
What is loss of peripheral vision with retention of central vision called?
tunnel vision
What disorder causes symptoms of a loss of peripheral vision with retention of central vision
Glaucoma
Which cranial nerves innervate the extra ocular muscles to create eye movement
CN 3, 4, 6
What is the vision condition where the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements?
Nystagmus
When you shine a light onto both eyes and check a reflection, what is this called? (reflex)
Corneal-light reflex
Which reflex can you use to check for eye alignment or disconjugate gaze
Corneal light reflex
What is another term for eye alignment
esotropia
what is another term for a disconjugate gaze
exotropia
Which muscle and nerve move the eye laterally?
The Lateral rectus, innervated by CN 6 (abducens)
Which eye muscle and nerve move the eye down when looking towards the nose?
Superior oblique muscle, innervated by the trochlear nerve ( CN 4)
Which nerve innervates the inferior oblique and medial rectus?
CN 3, occulomotor
Which nerve raises the eye lid and mediates pupillary constriction
CN 3 (oculomotor)
When there is nonalignment of the eye, where the object being observed is not projected simultaneously on the fovea, what is this called?
Strabismus (tropia)
When the eye is deviated nasally (cross eyed) what is this called?
Esotropia
When the eye is deviated temporally (wall-eyed) what is this called?
Exotropia
What is a deviation of the eye upwards called?
Hypertropia
What is a deviation of the eye downwards called?
Hypotropia
What is dislopia?
a visual disturbance that causes a person to see two images of the same object instead of one
What is a visual disturbance that causes a person to see two images of the same object instead of one?
Dislopia
What is the loss of visual acuity secondary to suppression?
Ambylopia (lazy eye)
What is the removal of the entire globe of the eye?
Enucleation
What is the drooping of the eyelid known as?
Blepharoptosis (or ptosis)
Paralysis of eye muscles is also known as what?
ophthalmoplegia
Which syndrome is known as progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Patients who have kearns-sayre syndrome frequently have what other symptoms?
Deafness, short in stature, arch of brows ( secondary to the ptosis and ophthalmoplegia ( paralysis of eye muscles))
What is the condition where there is an inability to close the eyelids completely?
Lagophthalmos
What is a turning inwards of the eyelid margin called?
Entropion
What is a turning outwards of the eyelid called?
Ectropion
What type of a fracture causes raccoon eyes?
Basilar scull fracture
What is a buildup of yellow plaques of fat around the eyes called?
Xanthelasma
underlying cause is hypolipidemia
A granulomatous reaction to thickened secretions of the meibomian glands in the eyelid causes what?
Chalazion
A chalazoin is caused by a dysfunction in which glands
the meibomian glands
What is another term for a stye
Acute external hordeolum
Chronic inflamation of the eyelid margins is known as what
Blepharitis
What is tearing known as
epiphora
What eye symptom accompanies hyperthyroidism
proptosis and lacrimal gland enlargement
What eye disorder is seen in patients who have graves disease
exophthalmos
Exophthalmos is associated with which disease
grave’s disease
Inflammation of the lower lacrimal passages is known as what
dacryocystitis (most of the time comes from a lacrimal duct problem)
What is the most common eye disease in the western hemisphere
conjunctavitis
Where is a blue sclera seen
in osteogenesis imperfecta
Which cranial nerve does the corneal reflex test
CN 5 for sensory, CN 7 for motor
What does PERRLA stand for
Pupils equal round reactive to light and accomodation
What is the constriction that occurs when eyes follow the finger towards the nose looking cross eyed?
Accomodation
What is the medical name for pupils being different sizes
Anisocoria
Light impulses travel away from the pupil via afferent signals because of which cranial nerve
CN 2
What is pupilary enlarement called
mydriasis
What is pupilary constriction called
miosis
A pupil that is constricted to 1 to 2 mm that reacts to accommodation but is nonreactive to light is called
argyll robertson pupil
What type of a pupil occurs in neurosyphilis
Argyll robertson pupil
The inability to perspire normally in the pupil is known as what?
Anhidrosis
A pupil dilated 3 to 6 mm that constricts little in response to light and accommodation is known as what
adies tonic pupil
What is inflammation of the iris known as
iritis or iridocyclitis (iris and cilliary body inflammed)
What is the transient loss of vision in one or both eyes due to lack of blood flow in the retina?
Amaurosis fugax
What is the leading cause of blindness in americans aged 20 to 75?
Diabetic retinopathy
A retinal examination that reveals pallor and increasing size of the optic cup is consistant with which disease?
Open-angle glaucoma
Which intraocular pressure is associated with open angle glaucoma?
> 21mm
An obstruction to the drainage of the aqueous humor at the canal of schlemm is what?
narrow-angle glaucoma
Swelling of the optic disc is what?
Papilledema
What part of the ear do you pull on for the tug test?
The lobule
Which 2 bones can you normally see in a normal ear exam?
malleus and incus
If the tympanic membrane is diffusely red and the light reflex is lost, what disorder is occurring?
Otitis media (middle ear infection)
Which test do you use to test for acute otitis media
pneumatic otoscopy
When you rub your fingers together next to the patient’s ears, what test is this?
Whisper or finger rub test
Which cranial nerve detects for a sensorineural hearing loss?
CN 8
What type of hearing loss does weber’s test for
Conductive hearing loss
What is the main cause of conductive hearing loss in individuals 15-50?
Otosclerosis
Which mineral is missing to cause otosclerosis
flouride
Which disease is typically caused by the insertion of ventelation tubes and has calcification in the tympanic membrane?
tympanosclerosis
What is another name for wax in the ears
cerumen (wax)
Which bacteria causes acute otitis externa
pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is severe ear pain called
otalgia
Swimmer’s ear is a form of what
otitis externa
A localized form of external otitis, associated with acute viral upper resperatory infection is what
bullous myringitis
What is a benign or slow growing cyst that develops in the middle ear or mastoid bone called?
Cholesteatoma
What occurs with the sensation of “plugged ears” commonly
Serous otitis media
Pain behind the ear that accompanies a fever is known as what
mastoiditis
There are 3 what in the nose (inferior, middle, and superior)
turbinates or conchae
Inferior to each turbinate is an opening known as the paranasal sinus; what is each opening known as?
meatus
What duct empties into the inferior meatus
nasolacrimal duct
The middle meatus below the middle turbinate contains the openings of which sinuses
the frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoid
What sinus drains into the superior meatus
posterior ethmoid sinus
Which region is located between the nasal septum and superior turbinate
olfactory region
The nerve supply to the internal area of the nose is from the branches of which nerve
Trigeminal ( 5)
The olfactory epithelium is supported by which nerve
1 (olfactory)
The nerve fibers from the olfactory nerve pierce which structure to the brain
cribiform plate to olfactory bulb to brain
The blood supply in the nose comes from which arteries
internal and external carotid
The blood vessils of the anterior nasal septum meet at the mmucocutaneous junction, known as what
little’s area
Little’s area is also known as what
The Mucocutaneous junction
Which area is commonly responsible for epistaxis?
Little’s area (mucocutaneous junction)
What is a nosebleed known as
epistaxis
Which turbinates can you see upon inspection of the nose?
Middle and inferior
What is loss of smell
anosmia
Which nerve is used for smell
olfactory (1)
Which paranasal sinus is not visible frontally
sphenoid sinus
A common condition where there is prominent hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands of the nose is known as what
rhinophyma
What is dry mouth known as
xerostomia
What is bad breath known as
halitosis
What covers the tooth and is most highly calcified tissue in the body
enamel
What is the bulk of the tooth made up of
dentin
The pulp of teeth contain branches of which nerve
Trigeminal nerve
What covers the root of the tooth and attaches it to bone
cementum
What is the largest salivary gland and what innervates it?
Parotid gland, Facial nerve (7) through it
What is the gland that sits below and infront of the angle of the mandible
Submandibular gland
What is the smallest salivary gland, on the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue?
Sublingual salivary gland
What is above the soft palate, posterior to the nasal cavity?
Nasopharynx
The posterolateral wall of the nasopharynx is the opening of what
eustacian tube
What is below the soft palate, behind the mouth, superior to the hyoid bone?
oropharynx
What is below the oropharynx, ending at the level of the cricoid cartilage?
hypopharynx or laropharynx
What protects the airway during swallowing, attached above the larynx?
Epiglottis
What type of cartilage is the area for attachment of the vocal cords
arytenoid cartylage
What type of cartilage makes the adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
What is the name for hoarseness
dysphonia
Your tongue moves to the side and down because of which nerve dysfunction?
Facial nerve
What bacteria is the most common cause of strep pharyngitis
Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
What disease causes multiple telangiectatic lesions on the tongue
osler-weber-rendu syndrome
What does osler-weber-rendu syndrome cause
telangiecatic lesions
Harmartomatous gastrointestinal polyps are caused from which syndrome
peutz-jeghers syndrome
What does the linchen planus buccal mucosa appear as (pattern)
reticulated or lacelike
What are precancerous white plaques on cheeks, gingevia, and tongue called?
leukoplakia
What is thick and white and looks like thresh but can’t be scraped from the tongue?
leukoplakia
What condition typically emerges in patients taking phenytoin
Gingival hypertorphy
Gingival hypertrophy occurs in patients taking which drugs
phenytoin (anti-seizure)
A geographic tongue has what kind of a pattern
a maplike apperance
What is a large mucous retention cyst on the floor of the mouth in association with the submandibular and sublingual glands?
Ranula
What is commonly seen in association
with infective endocarditis,
leukemia, oral sex, and viral
infections such as infectious
mononucleosis
Palatal petechiae
What is an overgrowth of the palatine bone called
torus palatinus
a superficial inflammatory condition of the angles of the mouth often with fissuring that is caused especially by infection or avitaminosis.
Angular chelitis or perlèche
What makes up the anterior triangle of the neck
sternocleidomastoid, mandible, midline of neck
What makes up the posterior triangle of the neck
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, anterior scalane
Which lymph nodes drain the ear, scalp, and skin?
anterior auricular (pre-auricular)
Which lymph nodes drain the throat, tonsils, oropharynx, and thyroid and tongue?
Anterior cervical
What lymph nodes drain the back of the scull, scalp, and neck
posterior cervical
What lymph nodes drain the floor of the mouth
the submandibular
What lymph nodes drain the teeth
submental
What lymph nodes drain the thorax
supraclavicular
What lymph nodes drain the tonsils and posterior pharynx
Tonsillar
What is the most common endocrine cancer
thyroid cancer
A soft thyroid enlargement is associate with which disease
Graves (may have bruit)
A firm thyroid enlargement is associated with which disease
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, malignancy
What disease is associated with tachychardia, increased systolic and decreased diastolic pressure, warm and smooth skin, and tremor in muscle weakness
hyperthyroidism
What condition is associated with dry skin, hypothermia, bradychardia, decreased systolic and increased diastolic pressure
hypothyroidism
Which vein does JVP measure
Internal jugular vein
The Internal jugular is in direct contact with which part of the heart
the right atrium
The internal jugular functions as what type of a measure
manometer (measure pressure of central venous pressure)
The angle of louis is known as what
sternal-manubrium junction
Farsidedness (short eye) is known as
hyperopia
Nearsidedness ( long eye) is known as
myopia
