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Biology 1010 > Unit 2 Genetics & Molecular Biology (Lecture Notes) > Flashcards

Unit 2 Genetics & Molecular Biology (Lecture Notes) Flashcards

Terms/Questions

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1
Q

Genetics is the study of what?

A

Study of inheritance of observable traits from one generation to the next & their effect on populations and species.

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2
Q

Molecular bio is the study of what?

A

Molecular processes involved in transfer of genetic information from genotype to phenotype of an organism.

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3
Q

T/F Genotype determines phenotype?

A

True

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

Organisms physical & biochemical traits

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5
Q

Genotype

A

Organisms genetic makeup & genetic info in genes

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6
Q

DNA Molecule makeup

A

Sugar phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases, double helix

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7
Q

Locus

A

Specific place on length of chromosome where gene is located

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8
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative versions of the same gene

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46, becomes 23 when splitting

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10
Q

Mitosis purpose

A

Exact copy of cells DNA from parent to daughter

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11
Q

What is fertilization

A

Fusion of haploid galettes to form a new diploid cell

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12
Q

Meiosis I

A

Separation of the homologous chromosomes

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13
Q

Synapsis

A

Actual interaction that results in crossing over

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14
Q

DNA is a ____ stranded molecule, composed of complementary ____ bases joined by _____ bonds, and a ______ backbone.

A

Double stranded
Nitrogenous bases
Hydrogen bonds
Phosphate group & deoxyribose sugar backbone.

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15
Q

Describe homologous chromosomes. Are they identical? Why/why not? Are sex chromosomes considered homologous chromosomes?

A

Same length, size, shape, genes but not identical (the alleles of each gene can be different). The X,Y sex chromosomes are an exception. They don’t have the same length, size, shape, genes BUT they are still considered homologous.

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16
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A karyotype is a preparation of the complete set of metaphase chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, sorted by length, centromere location and other features

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17
Q

________ + histones = chromatin

A

DNA

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18
Q

T/F? the human karyotype consists of 46 pairs of chromosomes

A

False, 23 pairs

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19
Q

Put the following in order of smallest to largest: chromatin loops, metaphase chromosome, nucleosomes (beads-on-a-string), 30 nm chromatin fiber, sister chromatid

A

nucleosomes (beads on a string), 30 nm chromatin fiber, chromatin loops, sister
chromatid, metaphase chromosome

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20
Q

Is the genetic material already duplicated at the start of mitosis?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Does mitosis include interphase? Describe what happens during interphase

A

No, G1/S/G2 phases (with each activities specific to those phases)

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22
Q

At what mitotic stage(s) does the chromatin start to become distinct chromosome?

A

prophase

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23
Q

At what mitotic stage(s) do sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes?

A

anaphase

24
Q

What mitotic stage(s) is followed by cytokinesis?

A

telophase

25
Q

Give 2 examples of cells that go through mitosis.

A

zygote dividing, cells of the immune system, muscle stem cells, etc.

26
Q

Match the following terms (some may have more than one match): zygote, gamete, a haploid cell, a diploid cell,
an egg, a spermatozoan, a single cell.

A

zygote/diploid/single cell, gamete/haploid/single cell, egg/haploid/single cell,
spermatozoan/haploid/single cell

27
Q

Is the genetic material already duplicated at the start of meiosis?

A

Yes

28
Q

Does meiosis include interphase? Describe what happens during interphase.

A

no G1/S/G2 phases (with each activities specific to those phases)

29
Q

T/F? chromosome duplication also happens between meiosis I and meiosis II.

A

false

30
Q

T/F? a cell in prophase I has the same amount of genetic material as a cell at telophase I.

A

True

31
Q

T/F? a cell in anaphase II has double the amount of genetic material as a haploid daughter cell.

A

True

32
Q

T/F? a cell at prophase I has four times the amount of genetic material than one of its a haploid
daughter cells from meiosis.

A

True

33
Q

T/F? a cell at telophase II has ¼ of the genetic material of a cell at anaphase I.

A

False. This is before cytokinesis, so only ½.

34
Q

At what meiotic stage(s) do homologous chromosomes separate into distinct sets of sister chromatids?

A

Anaphase I

35
Q

At what meiotic stage(s) do sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes?

A

Anaphase II

36
Q

What meiotic stage(s) is followed by cytokinesis?

A

Telophase I and telophase II

37
Q

Name one type of tissue that has cells that go through meiosis. What type of cells result from meiosis?

A

male and female germ cells or germline cells, and gametes result

38
Q

A cell at prophase II is considered haploid. Explain why this is true even though it contains double the
genetic material than one of its haploid daughter cells at the end of meiosis.

A

the cells undergoing meiosis II have sister chromatids, so they are considered as haploid (even though the sister chromatids are not identical due to cross-over events!)

39
Q

Variation via three processes. Describe each:
(1) independent orientation
(2) crossing over
(3) random involvement (of gametes in fertilization).

A

(1) each homologous pair sorts its maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells independently of every other pair.

(2) crossing over events shuffle the alleles of genes on the same chromosome.

(3) fertilization combines one random paternal gamete with one random maternal gamete.

40
Q

When did Charles Darwin publish The Origin of Species?

A

1859

41
Q

Particulate hypothesis of inheritance says?

A

Offspring is a combination of both the parents.

42
Q

Blending hypothesis of inheritance says?

A

offspring inherits any characteristic as the average of the parents’ values of that characteristic.

43
Q

Hybridization

A

crossing of two true breeding varieties

44
Q

Heterozygous

A

organism with two different alleles for a character.

45
Q

Homozygous

A

organism with pair of identical alleles.

46
Q

NOTE:
Do Punnett squares recommended on slideshow for lesson 2.

A
47
Q

Autosomes in humans

A

22 pairs of homologous chromosomes exactly same in female/male karyotypes.

48
Q

Nondisjunction gives rise to monosomics & trisomics..explain both.

A

Lack of a single copy of chromosome

Carry an additional copy of chromosome

49
Q

Explain the difference: autosomal and sex linked

A

sex-linked inheritance occurs via the genes located on sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes) while autosomal inheritance occurs via the genes located on autosomes.

50
Q

viruses are only composed of ____ and ____.

A

nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
protein

51
Q

What did Fred Griffith do in his experiment? (1928)

A

Griffith showed that information from a strain of heat-killed pathogenic bacterium (S-strain) could be transferred* to a
non-virulent strain (R-strain) which could transform those ‘R’ cells into pathogenic ’S’ cells.

52
Q

What is transformation?

A

Transfer of exogenous DNA into a host cell, thereby causing a permanent change in the hereditary system of the bacterium

53
Q

How was the Hershey-Chase experiment performed and how did it show that DNA was the hereditary molecule?

A

Hershey and Chase used the bacteriophage system to determine that the hereditary molecule is DNA. Before their experiment, scientists knew that bacteriophage contained both DNA and protein. Using radioactive sulphur or
phosphate, which labels protein and DNA respectively, Hershey and Chase measured the radioactivity in bacteria
following their infection by the labeled phage. Radioactivity was only detected in the bacteria infected by phage that
had been labeled with radioactive phosphate, thus indicating that DNA is the hereditary molecule is DNA.

54
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) differs structurally from Ribonucleic acid (RNA) by the absence of an oxygen at the 2’
position on the ribose sugar in DNA. In RNA, the nitrogenous base uracil (U) replaces the thymine (T) nitrogenous base present in DNA. Furthermore RNA only forms a single strand that, while it can fold over on itself and form secondary
structures such as hairpin loops, cannot form the antiparallel double helix structure seen in DNA.

55
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule? (think base pairings)

A

The amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to thymine

56
Q

NOTE:
Be able to answer the following..

Describe the basic mechanics of DNA replication:
a. formation of the replication fork
b. requirements and operation of DNA polymerase
c. DNA synthesis on both leading and lagging strands

A

Biology 1010 (6 decks)

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