Animal Bio - Pt.2 of 2 for FINAL EXAM

Question 1

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment is called…
a) acclimation.
b) homeostasis.
c) a trade-off.
d) negative feedback.

Answer 1

b) homeostasis

Question 2

An example of a connective tissue is the
a) skin.
b) nerves.
c) blood.
d) cuboidal epithelium.
e) smooth muscles.

Answer 2

c) blood

Question 3

The similar fusiform body shape of diverse animals, such as sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals, has
evolved because..

a) natural selection typically has no limits when different organisms face the same challenge.
b) respiration through gills is enhanced by having a fusiform shape.
c) this is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly.
d) the fusiform shape is coded by the same genes in all three types of aquatic animals.
e) all three types evolved from the same ancestral form, which flew in air rather than swam in water.

Answer 3

c) this is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly.

Question 4

Which of the following represent(s) an energetic trade-off?
a) The structure of skin allows for some exchange of materials, which reduces its ability to protect
an animal against the external environment.
b) Lungs have a sponge-like construction, which provides an enormous surface for gas exchange.
c) Some animals suppress their immune function during times of reproduction.
d) A and B
e) A and C

Answer 4

c) Some animals suppress their immune function during times of reproduction.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT representative of the relationship between structure and function in
animals? [All statements are true. You only need to assess whether they illustrate the relationship
between structure and function.]

a) Hemoglobin is a protein with a specific shape that allows it to bind oxygen for transport in the
blood.
b) The fusiform shape of aquatic animals such as seals, dolphins, and many fish prevent them from
effective locomotion on land.
c) Many animals maintain physiological parameters within an acceptable range using negative feedback mechanisms.
d) The “lock and key” relationship between hormones and their receptors allow for specificity of
communication in the endocrine system.

Answer 5

c) Many animals maintain physiological parameters within an acceptable range using negative feedback mechanisms.

Question 6

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that..
a) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental.
b) the positive feedback’s effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.
c) the effector’s response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in
negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter.
d) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors.
e) positive feedback systems have control centres, which are lacking in negative feedback systems.

Answer 6

b) the positive feedback’s effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus
rather than opposite to it.

Question 7

Which of the following represent(s) a system: emergent property pairing?

a) Cell:life
b) Foot: walking
c) Nose: sense of smell
d) Sugar: Facilitated diffusion

Answer 7

a) Cell:life

Question 8

Which of the following are examples of negative feedback?
A. Our bodies sweat to cool down when we are hot
B. An excessively high concentration of a molecule inhibits its production
C. Uterine contractions during labour lead to stronger uterine contractions
D. High blood CO, triggers more rapid breathing

Answer 8

A. Our bodies sweat to cool down when we are hot
B. An excessively high concentration of a molecule inhibits its production
D. High blood CO, triggers more rapid breathing

Question 9

Which of the following defines the term fertilization?
a) The process by which a zygote becomes multicellular; characterized by rapid cell division.
b) The rearrangement of cells or sheets of cells within an embryo.
c) The joining of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.
d) A morphogenetic process that establishes the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and
ectoderm.

Answer 9

c) The joining of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.

Question 10

The cavity inside the blastula is called the
a) gastrula
b) archenteron
c) blastomere
d) animal pole
e) blastocoel

Answer 10

e) blastocoel

Question 11

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is
a) endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm.
b) mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm.
c) ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm.
d) ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm.
e) endoderm → mesoderm → ectoderm.

Answer 11

c) ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm.

Question 12

During cleavage, the size of the embryo increases with each doubling of the number of cells.
a) True
b) False

Answer 12

b) False

no growth only increase cell number

Question 13

An embryo has different cell types because cells express different genes depending on..
a) their location.
b) the signaling molecules to which they are exposed.
c) their cytoplasmic determinants.
d) their stage of development.
e) all of the above.

Answer 13

e) all of the above.

Question 14

In a newly fertilized egg, the vitelline layer..
a) opens the egg’s nuclear membrane to allow haploid sperm DNA to enter.
b) hardens to form a protective cover.
c) secretes signaling molecules to attract sperm of the same species.
d) reduces the loss of water from the egg and prevents desiccation.
e) provides most of the nutrients used by the zygote.

Answer 14

b) hardens to form a protective cover.

Question 15

If a mutation occurred in sea urchin sperm that prevented the acrosomal reaction from occurring, which of the following would be the result?
a) Sperm would be unable to locate an egg of the same species
b) Sperm would be unable to penetrate the jelly coat of an egg.
c) Sperm would be unable to bind to receptors on the surface of the egg plasma membrane.
d) Sperm and egg membranes would be able to fuse, but the cortical reaction would not occur.

Answer 15

b) Sperm would be unable to penetrate the jelly coat of an egg.

Question 16

A cell that would normally develop into a muscle cell is moved to a different location within the embryo where cells normally develop into bone cells. The relocated cell still develops into a muscle cell. Which mechanism is responsible for determining this cell’s fate?
a) Cytoplasmic determinants
b) Reductive signaling
c) Nuclear determinants
d) Inductive signaling
e) Extracellular determinants

Answer 16

a) Cytoplasmic determinants

Question 17

Preventing polyspermy ensures the zygote has the correct balance of maternal and paternal..
A. proteins.
B. chromosomes.
C. mRNA.
D. organelles.
E. carbohydrates.

Answer 17

B. chromosomes.

Question 18

A frog blastula is essentially the same size as the zygote from which it developed.
A. True
B. False

Answer 18

A. True

no growth between stages so only after cleavage ends that G1 & G2 activate and cell grows

Question 19

Every cell in a multicellular organism contains an identical genome.
A. True
B. False

Answer 19

A. True

Question 20

If a cell that normally develops into a muscle cell develops into a skin cell when moved to a different part of the embryo, which mechanism is responsible for determining this cell’s fate?
A. Cytoplasmic determinants
B. Induction

Answer 20

B. Induction

changes from 1 function to another

Question 21

What causes changes in cell position, shape, and survival?
A. The position of the cell within the embryo.
B. The cytoplasmic determinants within a cell.
C. Changes in gene expression within a cell.
D. The proteins that are produced within a cell.
E. All of the above.

Answer 21

E. All of the above.

Question 22

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called
a) the axon hillock.
b) the dendrite.
c) the synapse.
d) the cell body.
e) the glia.

Answer 22

c) the synapse.

Question 23

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone’s
a) secretory cell.
b) plasma cell.
c) endocrine cell.
d) target cell.
e) regulatory cell

Answer 23

d) target cell.

Question 24

All hormones…
a) are lipid-soluble molecules.
b) elicit the same biological response from all of their target cells.
c) are carried to target cells in the blood.
d) are stored in vesicles until they need to be secreted.
e) have receptors on the plasma membrane of their target cells.

Answer 24

c) are carried to target cells in the blood.

Question 25

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of..
a) insulin.
b) glucagon.
c) gastrin.
d) glucose.

Answer 25

b) glucagon.

Question 26

What type of hormone(s) enter(s) their target cells, bind with a receptor protein, penetrate the nucleus, and influence(s) the transcription of genes?
a) Lipophilic hormones
b) Water-soluble hormones
c) Both of the above
d) Neither of the above

Answer 26

a) Lipophilic hormones

Question 27

The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in…
a) a neuron in the spinal cord.
b) a hormone-producing cell in the pancreas.
c) a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus.
d) a glial cell in the brain.
e) a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes.

Answer 27

c) a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus

Question 28

The receptor for “hormone X” is located in the nucleus of the target cell. Hormone X is…
A. Water-soluble
B. Lipid-soluble

Answer 28

B. Lipid-soluble

Question 29

The effect of insulin on blood glucose level is an example of negative feedback
A. True
B. False

Answer 29

A. True

Question 30

Chemical digestion in the mouth is limited to…
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Fats
d) None of the above. All kinds of food are digested there.

Answer 30

a) Carbohydrates

Question 31

In the stomach, pepsinogen is converted into…
a) Pepsin
b) Bicarbonate
c) HCl
d) Glycogen
e) Gastrin

Answer 31

a) Pepsin

Question 32

Compared to that of herbivores, carnivores’ intestines are generally…
a) longer.
b) more convoluted.
c) shorter.
d) about the same.

Answer 32

c) shorter.

herbivores have larger cecums (intestines) to process intake of plant matter, so must carniores must have smaller intestines

Question 33

Mechanical digestion occurs in the..
a) mouth and stomach, but not the small intestine.
b) mouth and small intestine, but not the stomach.
c) stomach and small intestine, but not the mouth.
d) mouth only.
e) stomach only.

Answer 33

a) mouth and stomach, but not the small intestine.

Question 34

Which of the following pairings between digestive system accessory glands and their function is INCORRECT?
a) Gall bladder: production of bile
b) Salivary gland: production of salivary amylase
c) Pancreas: production of digestive enzymes
d) Salivary gland: production of mucus

Answer 34

a) Gall bladder: production of bile

pancreas (& liver) produce bile, the gall bladder stores it

Question 35

Between a human, an elephant, a penguin, a lizard, and a mouse, which animal would have the greatest
basal metabolic rate (L O 2/hr)? Assume the lizard and the mouse are the same mass.
a) human
b) elephant
c) penguin
d) lizard
e) mouse

Answer 35

b) elephant

Question 36

An organ responsible for absorbing food molecules should
a) have a large lumen (internal space).
b) have a large internal surface area.
c) be well connected with the blood supply.
d) A and C
e) B and C

Answer 36

e) B and C

Question 37

An organ responsible for absorbing food molecules should.
A. have a large lumen (internal space).
B. have several layers of thick muscle.
C. have a large surface area.
D. be very hard.
E. be well connected with the blood supply.

Answer 37

C. have a large surface area.
E. be well connected with the blood supply.

Question 38

The innermost tissue layer of arteries is composed of…
a) Smooth muscle
b) Connective tissue
c) Elastic fibres
d) Endothelium
e) Cartilage

Answer 38

d) Endothelium

Question 39

Unidirectional valves that prevent the blood from flowing backward are found in the…
a) Arteries
b) Veins
c) Capillaries
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

Answer 39

b) Veins

Question 40

Gas exchange between air and blood in mammals occurs across the walls of the…
a) Trachea
b) Bronchi
c) Alveoli
d) Bronchioles

Answer 40

c) Alveoli

Question 41

Which of the following contains oxygenated blood in an adult human?
a) Right atrium
b) Pulmonary artery
c) Pulmonary vein
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

Answer 41

c) Pulmonary vein

Question 42

Which of the following statements about circulatory systems is TRUE?
a) Hormones are transported in the blood.
b) Capillaries have thicker walls than veins.
c) The systemic circulation carries blood to and from the lungs.
d) Vasocontriction of veins can limit blood flow to specific tissues.
e) None of the above are true.

Answer 42

a) Hormones are transported in the blood.

Question 43

Exchange of materials between the blood and interstitial fluid at the capillaries is aided by
a) the thin walls of capillaries
b) high blood pressure in the capillaries
c) low blood velocity in the capillaries
d) A and B
e) A and C

Answer 43

e) A and C

Question 44

To maximize diffusion rate, exchaige surfaces should have…
A. a small surface area and be thin
B. a small surface area and be thick
C. a large surface area and be thin
D. a large surface area and be thick

Answer 44

C. a large surface area and be thin

Question 45

Circulatory systems require energy and materials to build and run..
Why didn’t all animals just stay small/simple?
A. Larger animals with circulatory systems exchange materials more efficiently than small/simple animals
B. Increasing size and complexity allows animals to exploit new niches
C. Bigger is always better!

Answer 45

B. Increasing size and complexity allows animals to exploit new niches

Question 46

During the fight or flight response, in which organs would you expect the hormone epinephrine to constrict the arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters?
A. Brain
B. Intestine
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Skin
E. Lungs

Answer 46

B. Intestine
D. Skin

Question 47

Which type of feedback systems are more common in vertebrates, positive or negative?
a) positive
b) negative
c) they are both very common
d) they are both extremely rare

Answer 47

b) negative

Question 48

In a countercurrent exchange system, the fluids in two tubes flow in opposite directions.
a) True
b) False

Answer 48

a) True

Question 49

Why would you expect a person living in a cold climate such as Yellowknife to have a larger percentage of brown fat than an individual living in a hot climate like Florida?
a) People in Yellowknife eat a higher fat diet than people from Florida.
b) Brown fat is important for ATP production.
c) Brown fat is important for non-shivering thermogenesis.
d) Brown fat provides energy for shivering.

Answer 49

c) Brown fat is important for non-shivering thermogenesis.

Question 50

Aquatic organisms that are hypoosmotic relative to the surrounding water tend to
a) gain water from the environment
b) gain salts from the environment
c) both of the above
d) none of the above

Answer 50

b) gain salts from the environment

Question 51

Which type of T cell lyses cells that have been infected with viruses?
a) inducer T cells
b) helper T cells
c) cytotoxic T cells
d) suppressor T cells
e) none of the above

Answer 51

c) cytotoxic T cells

Question 52

Antibodies are secreted by
a) B cells
b) Cytotoxic T cells
c) Macrophages
d) Plasma cells
e) Helper T cells

Answer 52

d) Plasma cells

Question 53

Memory cells
a) produce histamine
b) are responsible for innate immunity
c) prevent an animal from encountering certain antigens
d) provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen
e) all of the above

Answer 53

d) provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen

Question 54

During an inflammatory response, histamine increases local blood flow. This leads to the arrival of blood
cells that release cytokines that promote local blood flow.
a) This is an example of negative feedback.
b) This is an example of positive feedback.

Answer 54

b) This is an example of positive feedback.

Question 55

In vertebrates, phagocytic cells recognize molecules that are characteristic of a group of pathogens.
Why is it important to the vertebrate that the molecules recognized are essential components of the
pathogens?
a) If it is a molecule that vertebrates possess, then the phagocytic cells would attack the host’s
own cells.
b) If the molecules are not essential, then natural selection will rid the pathogen population of
those molecules.
c) If only a small number of pathogens possess the molecule, it will not be an effective target for
the phagocytic cells.
d) If the molecules are not essential, then the phagocytic cells will not be able to recognize them.

Answer 55

b) If the molecules are not essential, then natural selection will rid the pathogen population of
those molecules.

Question 56

Which of the following statements about complement proteins is INCORRECT?
a) Complement proteins participate in both innate and adaptive immunity.
b) Complement proteins circulate in the blood plasma.
c) Activation of complement proteins leads to the formation of membrane attack complexes,
which create pores in the membranes of foreign cells.
d) Activation of complement proteins causes target cells to lyse.
e) Complement proteins are secreted by cytotoxic T cells

Answer 56

e) Complement proteins are secreted by cytotoxic T cells

Question 57

An immune system that is able to recognize multiple epitopes of a single antigen molecule is advantageous because…
A. Some of the epitopes do not trigger an immune response
B. It is less likely that multiple epitopes will mutate than it is that one epitope will mutate
C. Some of the epitopes are hidden inside the pathogen

Answer 57

B. It is less likely that multiple epitopes will mutate than it is that one epitope will mutate

Question 58

The contracting units of a myofibril are called
a) Muscle cells
b) Myofibres
c) Sarcoplasms
d) Flexors
e) Sarcomeres

Answer 58

e) Sarcomeres

Question 59

Calcium prevents the attachment of myosin heads to the binding sites on the actin molecule.
a) True
b) False

Answer 59

b) False

Question 60

What is attached to M lines in a sarcomere?
a) Myosin heads
b) Actin filaments
c) Myosin tails
d) Cross-bridges
e) Neurons

Answer 60

c) Myosin tails

Question 61

What changes shape during contraction of a sarcomere?
a) Actin heads
b) Actin tails
c) M lines
d) Myosin heads
e) Myosin tails

Answer 61

d) Myosin heads

Question 62

Which of the following does NOT represent an adaptation to reduce the energy cost of locomotion?
a) The fusiform body shape of fish, seals, and whales/dolphins.
b) Hollow air-filled regions within bird bones.
c) The use of buoyancy to move through the water column.
d) The thick layer of fat below the skin of seals and whale/dolphins.
e) Springy tendons in the legs of jumping animals.

Answer 62

d) The thick layer of fat below the skin of seals and whale/dolphins.

Question 63

Which of the following require(s) alternating contraction and relaxation of a muscle or muscles?
a) Peristalsis in the digestive system
b) Pumping of a mammalian heart
c) Earthworm locomotion
d) A and B
e) A, B, and C

Answer 63

e) A, B, and C

Question 64

If Ca2+ was injected into a muscle cell, which of the following would you expect to occur?
a) The Ca2+ would bind to tropomyosin causing troponin to unblock myosin binding sites, allowing
contraction of the sarcomeres.
b) The Ca 2+ would bind to tropomyosin causing troponin to block myosin binding sites, preventing
contraction of the sarcomeres.
c) The Ca 2+ would bind to troponin causing tropomyosin to unblock myosin binding sites, allowing
contraction of the sarcomeres.
d) The Ca 2+ would bind to troponin causing tropomyosin to block myosin binding sites, allowing
contraction of the sarcomeres.
e) The Ca 2+ would bind to troponin causing tropomyosin to block myosin binding sites, preventing
contraction of the sarcomeres.

Answer 64

c) The Ca 2+ would bind to troponin causing tropomyosin to unblock myosin binding sites, allowing
contraction of the sarcomeres.