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Biology: Exam Review > Unit 2: Genetics (Finished) > Flashcards

Unit 2: Genetics (Finished) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Pedigree?

A

A family tree of a human that shows a trait that is passed down.

Look to 5.3

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2
Q

What is autosomal inhertiance?

A

refers to the inheritance of traits whose genes are found on the autosomes (all chromosomes except for the sex chromosomes)

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3
Q

What is the difference between autosomal domience and autosomal recessive?

A

Autosomal dominant
- refers to those situations in which a single copy of an allele is sufficient to cause expression of a trait

Autosomal Recessive
- refers to those situations where two recessive alleles result in a trait being expressed

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4
Q

When will an autosomal domient disorder occur?

A

a disorder will occur when the disease-causing allele is dominant and an individual has one (heterozygous) or both (homozygous dominant) copies of the allele

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5
Q

What is a punnett square used for?

A

The 2x2 or 4x4 grids that you use to identify the likelihood of a genetic composition of an offspring based on the parent’s alleles.

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6
Q

What is the difference between a gene and an allele?

A

Genes
- hunks of DNA that contribute to particular traits or functions by coding for proteins that influence physiology

Alleles
- different versions of a gene, which vary according to the nucleotide base present at a particular genome location.

like if one person used a pen to write and another person used a pencil

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7
Q

What are the 4 kinds of inheritance patterns?

A

Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal reccessive
X-linked domiant
X-linked recessive

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8
Q

What’s the difference between a x-linked domiant and an x-linked recessive?

A

X-linked domiant: Dominant traits linked with the X chromosome.
X-linked recessive: Recessive traits linked with the X chromosome.

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9
Q

What is Complete Domiance?

A

When two organisms breed and produce an offspring based on one parent or the other.

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10
Q

What is Incomplete domiance?

A

When two organisms breed and produce offspring based on both parents.

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11
Q

What is Codomience?

A

When two organisms breed and produce offspring that is a combination of both parents.

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12
Q

A red flower and a white flower produce 3 red flowers and 1 white flower as offspring. What type of inheritance is this an example of?
Complete domiance
Incomplete domiance
Codominace

A

Complete dominance is one or the other. Allele formatting: AA, aa, Aa

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13
Q

A red flower and a white flower produce 4 pink flowers. What type of inheritance is this an example of?
Complete Domience
Incomplete Domience
Codomience

A

Incomplete Domiance
AA, aa, Aa

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14
Q

A red flower and a white flower produce 4 red flowers with white spots. What type of inhertiance is this an example of?
Complete domiance
incomplete domiance
codomiance

A

Codomiance
AaAa, AbAb, AaAb
(the small letters are supposed to be subscipts but it won’t allow me to do that)

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15
Q

What are the four blood types and their shaped antigens?

A

A - Circle shaped antigens (Called A antigen)
B - Square shaped antigens (Called B antigen)
AB - Both circle and square shaped antigens (Called A and B antigens)
O - No antigens.

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16
Q

True or False

O is a universal recessiver, meaning someone with O type blood can get blood from anyone.

A

False
O is a universal donor, meaning someone with O type blood can donate blood to anyone

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17
Q

True or False

AB positive blood, is a univerisal donor , meaning that they can give blood to anyone.

A

False
AB positive blood can receive any blood type.

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18
Q

Fill in the Blank

Sex Linked Inheritance: Traits that are passed down through the…………………

A

sex chromosomes (X or Y).

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19
Q

Which one is not an example of sex-linked inheritance?

high blood pressure
red-green colourblindness
weak cornea

A

weak cornea

20
Q

What traits usually appear in men as the mutated allele may be present in the Y chromosome, meaning women can not get this trait as they do not have a Y chromosome.

A

Sex-linked Inheritance

21
Q

Mitosis Vs Meiosis

the division and multiplication of regular body cells

A

mitosis

22
Q

Mitosis Vs. Meiosis

the division and multiplication of sex cells.

A

Meiosis

23
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

A compressed structure of nucleic acids that contains genetic material (DNA or RNA)

24
Q

Which part of the process is not a part of mitosis?

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Milleophase
Telophase

A

Milleophase
(a word i made up on the spot :))

25
Q

What happens during Interphase?

A

G1 Phase (Growth 1):
- Cell growth as well as normal cellular functions occur.

S Phase (Synthesis):
- DNA synthesis or replication occurs, which duplicates the chromosomes.

G2 Phase (Growth 2):
- Continued growth and preparation for mitosis take place.

26
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes condense and become visible under the microscope. (This is when they take the X shape)
  • The nuclear envelope dissolves.
  • Mitotic spindle fibres form, extending from organelles called centrosomes.
  • Chromosomes become attached to spindle fibres at their centromeres (middle part).
27
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes align along the vertical equator, at the centre of the cell.
  • Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.
28
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A
  • Centromeres split, separating sister chromatids.
  • Spindle fibres contract, pulling chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell.
  • Each chromatid, now considered an individual chromosome, is pulled to opposite ends.
29
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles and decondense, becoming unorganised strands of DNA.
  • A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.
  • The spindle fibres dissolve.
30
Q

When does Cytokinesis happen?

A

When the division of the cell is beginning.

31
Q

What happens with Cytokinesis in animal cells?

A

the two cells begin to pinch together until they separate.

32
Q

What happens with Cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

a cell plate forms between the two daughter nuclei, eventually developing into a new cell wall.

33
Q

What part does not happen during propase 1?

Chromosomes condense and become visible.

Homologous chromosomes (chromosomes with the same genes but potentially different alleles) undergo synapsis, forming a structure called the tetrad.

Genetic recombination or crossing-over occurs, where segments of homologous chromosomes are exchanged.

The nuclear envelope begins to break down, and spindle fibres form.

Tetrads align at the prophase plate (equatorial plane) in the centre of the cell.

A

Tetrads align at the prophase plate (equatorial plane) in the centre of the cell.
- The prophase plate doesn’t exit, it’s the metaphase plate as a part of metaphase
- this happens for metaphase 1

34
Q

What part is not a part of anaphase 1?

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Spindle fibres attach to each chromosome at the centromere.

Sister chromatids remain attached at this point.

A

Spindle fibres attach to each chromosome at the centromere.
- that is the second part of metaphase 1

35
Q

What is Telophase 1?

A

Chromosomes reach the poles and the nuclear envelope reforms.
The cell undergoes cytokinesis, resulting in two haploid daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

36
Q

What is the difference between prophase 2 and metaphase 2?

A

Prophase 2:
- Chromosomes condense, and a new spindle apparatus forms.
- The nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase 2:
- Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in each haploid cell.

37
Q

What is the difference between Anaphase 2 and Telophase 2

A

Anaphase 2:
- Sister chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles.

Telophase 2:
- Chromatids reach the poles, and the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.
- Cytokinesis occurs, resulting in a total of four haploid daughter cells, each with unique genetic combinations.

38
Q

What are chromatids?

A

One of the two identical halves of a chromosome.

39
Q

What are Homologus Chromosomes?

A

Two different chromosomes with the same gene sequence and chromosomal length.

40
Q

What are the 2 types of base pairings

A

Adenine always pairs with Thymine
Guanine always pairs with Cytosine
(A-T)(G-C)

41
Q

What are karotypes?

A

A karyotype is a set of someone’s complete chromosomes.

42
Q

What is the difference between somatic and sex cells?

A

Somatic Cells: Regular body cells.
Sex Cells: Sperm cells in males and egg/ovum cells in females.

IMPORTANT: sex cells have half the chromosomes that somatic cells have (Somatic: 46, Sex Cells: 23) since the sex cells combine DNA to make 46 chromosomes.

43
Q

What are the names of all of mendel’s laws?

A

Dominance
Segregation
Independent Assortment:

44
Q

What is the difference between Mendel’s laws of Domience and Independant Assortment?

A

Dominance
Dominant traits are traits that appear in offspring over non dominant traits.
Independent Assortment
During gamete formation different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other.

45
Q

What is Segregation, from Mendel’s laws?

A

Segregation: Traits are inherited randomly from both parents.

Biology: Exam Review (5 decks)

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