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Psychopathology > Unit 2 final review psychopathology > Flashcards

Unit 2 final review psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Criteria for Specific Phobia

A
  • Afraid of specific object
  • Immediatly provokes fear
  • Fear is out of porportion
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2
Q

Criteria for Social phobia

A
  • Fear of social situation
  • Fear they will be viewed negatively
  • Always provoke fear
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3
Q

Difference between Social phobia and Specific phobia

A

Social phobia has fear of being negatively viewed

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4
Q

Panic Disorder criteria

A
  • Panic attacks lasting longer than one month
  • Fear of future attacks
  • Avoid trigger
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5
Q

Agoraphobia criteria

A
  • Fear of crowded spaces
  • Avoidance
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6
Q

GAD criteria

A
  • Worry about many things majority of time, > 6 mo
  • Difficult to control symptoms of worry
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7
Q

Shared features of anxiety disorders and prevelance in genders and comorbitity/ prevelance

A
  • Clinically sig impairment
  • Avoidance
  • Woman > man, 80% comorbidity, 18% prevelance, 30% lifetime
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8
Q

What is the goal of expsure treatment

A
  • facing situation rather than avoiding
  • Generalize to settings and stimuli
  • reduce safety behaviors
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9
Q

What is the habituation model vs inhibitory learning model

A
  • Habituation is old, inhibitory learning is new. Used to desentsitize by spending hours in area of fear, now new model is to learn competing association of fear
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10
Q

What ideas does cognitive therepy increase for Axiety disorders

A
  • Increase belief in one’s coping ability
  • Challenge unhelpful beliefs
  • Debrief to learn
  • Increase mindfulness
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11
Q

Medications for Anxiety disorders

A

Benzos, SSRI/SNRI- Benzos don’t work well and have bad side effects- create dependence and can be deadly

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12
Q

Why is SAD advantageous

A
  • Evolutionarily important
  • learn behaivor from traumatic event like bullying
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13
Q

Cognitive factors of SAD

A
  • Unrealistic perception of concsequences
  • belief of negativity toward oneself
  • upward social comparison
  • safety behaviros
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14
Q

Neurobiology behind panic

A
  • Panic circut, early focus on locus cerilious, source of adrenaline. Hippocampus helps learn the anxiety that was produced
  • Extra sensitivity of normal body causes fear of harm
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15
Q

Wells cog model vs Borkoveks cog model vs Newmans Contrast avoidance model

A
  • Wells- Believe in function of worry nad harm simultaniously, worry about act of worry
  • Borkoveks- worry destracts from neg emotions and images, reinforces itself
  • Newmans contrast avoidance model- worry protects from shift of emotions
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16
Q

Heritability of Anxiety

A

20-50%

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17
Q

Neurobiology of anxiety

A
  • Fear circut, amygdala and hippocampus
  • Neurotransmitters (Seratonin, adrenaline, GABA, Corticotropin that decreases HPA axis)
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18
Q

Personality and Temperment of Axiety disorder

A
  • Negative affectivity of personality, behavioral inhibition in childhood (shyness) leads to social anxiety, changes development and cause other disorders
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19
Q

Cognitive model of Anxiety

A
  • Negative feelings of future and percieved lack of control.
  • Cognitive biases, information processing focuses on threat.
  • Childhood trauma fosters these
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20
Q

Gender and sociocultural factors of Anxiety

A
  • Reporting bias- woman report more
  • Men more likely to confront fears
  • Woman experiance more childhood trauma
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21
Q

What is Mauers model of phobias

A
  • Classical and operant conditioning combine to cause phobias and fear of objects. Classical ( neg event) paired with Avoidance (operant)
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22
Q

What is the panic circut

A

The trigger stimulus causes the stimulus to be percieved as harmful, even if its a normal stimulus

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23
Q

Criteria for OCD

A
  • Presence of Obsessions, compulsions, or both, O or C is time consuming
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24
Q

How is OCD similar and different from anxiety disorder?

A
  • Similar- has avoidance and rumination
  • Different- has more elaborate behaviors and specificity
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25
Q

Criteria for Body Dysmorphic disorder

A

-Preoccupation with one’s flaws
- Repetative behaviors like picking, grooming, and checking
-

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26
Q

Criteria for hording disorders

A
  • Difficulty parting with possesions
  • Difficulty is due to need to save items and distress with discarding
  • Clutter living area
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27
Q

Epidemiology of OCD

A
  • 2-3%
  • Equally common
  • Themes common across cutlures, but obsessions change
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28
Q

Epedemiology of BDD

A
  • 1-2%
  • Equal in Men/Woman, preoccupations differ (bicep vs boobs)
  • Many seek medical intervention
    -63% consider suicide, 1/4 attempt
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29
Q

Epidemiology of Hoarding

A
  • 3-6%
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30
Q

Biological factors of OCD

A
  • Moderate heratability
  • Disregulation of impulses and drives circut- impulses not functioning, come out as obsessions.
  • Stronger neurological response to making errors
  • Serotonin, glutamate, GABA, dopamine
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31
Q

Behavioral processes in OCD

A
  • Prone to habit formation
  • difficulty un-learning bahits
  • Reduced anxiety and fear reinforces compulsions
  • Avoidance- difficult not ton continue to perform even if action stops being assocated
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32
Q

Cognitive processes in OCD

A
  • Thoughts embedded with catastrophic meaning
  • Thought-action fusion- thoughts morlaly equivelent to actions
  • -Disporportionate attention to stimuli or blocking out distracting information
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33
Q

What is Rachman’s theory of OCD

A
  • Thoughts are equivelent to actions morally, guilt leads to self blame and shame, so nutralize thoughts to seak reassurance
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34
Q

Why is checking consistantly done?

A
  • Low confidence in memories
  • Yedasentience- internal feeling that you’ve done enough- is problematic- never feel as if they’ve done enough
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35
Q

Etiology of BDD

A
  • History of being bullied by apperance
  • Strong value of apperance- I am nothing if I have defect
  • Biased attention to features
  • Attention to Details
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36
Q

Etiology of Hoarding, including beleifs of self/others/items

A
  • Evolutionary roots- stockpiling resources
  • High rates of trauma
  • Cog factors like difficulty organizing, believe self is unlovable, others cant be relied upon, possessions are irreplacable
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37
Q

What is ERP for OCD

A
  • Exposure to situations, Response Prevention from engagement in behaviors ( 50-70% effective
38
Q

Cognitive component of OCD treatment

A
  • Challenge unhelpful beliefs about excessive sense of responsibility, post-exposure processing- review what they learned from exercise
39
Q

What is the biological treatment for OCD

A
  • SSRI/SNRI- Higher doses, 50-60% effective.
  • DBT for OCD- 50% relief
40
Q

What are the 2 types of stress

A

Chronic and accute

41
Q

Why is the timing of stressors important

A
  • Childhood is senstive, greater plasticity, less control and autonomy, fewer coping skills.
  • Loss of spouse 30 v 90
  • Stressors compound- incidental vs causal (loss of job leads to loss of house)
42
Q

What is Diamond and Alley’s argument

A

Social safety- reliable social inclusion and protection, is deficient in excess stress and imperilesd by queerphobia

43
Q

What are the criteria for the Adjustment disorder

A
  • Development of symptoms in response to stress
  • symptoms are clinically significant and impair functioning
44
Q

How does stress impact biologically?

A
  • Pupils dialate, muscles tense, lungs dialate, increase sweating, HR accelerates
45
Q

Describe Alostasis and Allostatic load

A
  • Alostasis is like homeostasis, sometimes deviate to survive in long term- get out of it to return later,
    Alostatic load is when there is a new set point, we overload the system and can’t return
46
Q

Physological impacts of chronic stress

A
  • Negative affect
  • difficulty concentrating
  • beliefs about self others and world
47
Q

Behavioral impacts of chronic stress

A
  • Sleep
  • substance abuse
  • social withdrawl
  • diet
48
Q

Biological impacts of chronic stress

A
  • Brain structure and fucntion
  • inflammation
  • immune suppression
  • metabolic function
49
Q

What are some ways that healing slows with stress

A
  • AIDS disease outcomes
  • Heart disease
  • Decreased cancer survival
    -Slower wound healing
  • Greater percent of colds with more stress
50
Q

Why is subjective stress > Stress exposure

A
  • Subjective stress ratings are a combination of expsure and individual differences, and stress exposure is objective
51
Q

Why is stress linked to disease

A
  • Direct biological, indirect behavioral and psycholigical, but stress may not cause illness but rather exascerabate pathogenic processes
52
Q

Factors associated with resilience

A
  • Access to resources. (physhological, interpersonal, financial), Genetic
53
Q

What is the definition that is commonly agreed upon for Trauma

A

-Subject of enormous deabte. No obvious definition we all agree upon. DSM says its the exposure to actual or threatened violent death, serious injury, or sexual violence

54
Q

Pros/Cons of a broader and more narrow deinition of PTSD

A
  • Term ceases to have meaning if every experiance counts.
  • Discounts some events that were traumatic
55
Q

What is the new addition to DSM for trauma?

A

Traumatic Stress Spectrum- trauma and stressor related disorder.
- Some PTS symptoms

56
Q

Why was inclusion of PTSD in the DSM originally opposed

A
  • PTSD has explicit cause (trauma) , violates rule we don’t talk about causal role of event
57
Q

Criteria for PTSD

A
  • Exposure to trauma, one or more intrusion symptoms (flashback, nightmare), avoidance, changes in cognition, alteration in reactivity, > 1 mo
58
Q

Prevelance of PTSD

A
  • 7-9%
59
Q

Which gender is PTSD greater in

A

Woman> Men

60
Q

What covers the 1 month gap between start of PTSD

A
  • Acute stress disorder
  • Symptoms similar to PTSD, can only be diagnosed immediatly following trauma
  • Half cases of Acute stress disorder develop to PTSD
61
Q

What is Judith Herman’s theory of cPTSD

A
  • Compled, focuses on Woman. Serial traumatization with no escape can give rise to PTSD
  • Focus on emotion regulation, interpersonal problems
62
Q

What is the theory of moral injury with PTSD

A
  • Having moral injury combined with PTSD emphisizes psycholiglcal aspects of truama.
    More likely to cause suicidality
63
Q

What are ACEs and what are their repercussions

A
  • Adverse Childhood Experiances
  • Linked to health- effects on gene expression, brain development, immune systems, increase lifetime risk for problems
64
Q

What are other factors that potentially contribute to PTSD

A
  • HPA axis with higher reactivity
  • Stress circut, reduced hippocampal volume
  • apprasal of stress system- think weakness
  • anticipation of rauma
65
Q

What is the first line of treatment for PTSD

A
  • Trauma focused psychotherepy
  • Prolonged expsure and Cognitive processing therepy (both have exposure)
66
Q

What are some nisconceptions about trauma focused psychotherepy

A
  • Not suitable for complex traumas
  • Most people with trauma are too fragile for it
  • Exposure therepy is harmful because it increases distress
67
Q

Medication to treat PTSD

A
  • SSRIs ( effective for depression symptoms)
  • See management for symtoms, not problem, ex perscription for nightmares
  • Benzos perscribed frequently, not helpful
68
Q

What is the idea behind trauma informed care

A
  • Change narrative from whats wrong with you to you to what happened to you
69
Q

What is the chriteria for schizophrenia

A
  • Two or more symptoms for 2 month (like delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speach),
  • Level of function is below when onset occured
  • Disturbance persist 6 months with 1 month of symptoms
70
Q

What are 3 clusters of symptoms for schizophrenia

A
  • Positive (have something most people don’t have)
  • Negative (don’t have something people do have, like speach or emotions)
  • Disorganization ( Speach, cognition, behavior)
71
Q

Describe positive sumptom of delusion

A
  • Bizzare beliefs not aligned with reality, not disconfermable
  • Ideas of reference, persecutory (paranoya), grandiose (have power like flight, talk to god), Somatic (tracker in my body), feelings controlled by external forse (Alien forces me to act)
72
Q

Describe the positive symptom of hallucinations

A
  • Experiances that don’t correspond to external stimuli
73
Q

Most common positive symptom of hallucinations

A

Auditory, then visual

74
Q

Who is more likely to act on hallucinations

A
  • People who consider themselves to be socially inferior
75
Q

Types of negative symptoms in schizophrenia

A
  • Avolition (lack of motivation)
    -Asociality (lack of soical interaciton)
  • Anhedonia (lack of anticipating pleasure)
  • Alogia (reduction of speach)
76
Q

What are disorganized symptoms in schizophrenia

A
  • Catatonia (repeated gestures, ex. head banging)
  • Disorganized speach, difficutly organizing behaviors
77
Q

What is Schizophreniform disorder

A
  • Same symptoms as schizophrenia, but for 1 month, not 6mo
78
Q

What is schizoaffective disorder

A
  • Have psychotic and mood episodes, happens when mood interacts with disorder too
79
Q

What is delusional disorder

A
  • Persistant delusions without other schizophrenia symptoms
80
Q

Epidemiology of Schizophrenia

A
  • 1% lifetime prevalance
  • Men > Woman
  • More frequent in black americans than white
81
Q

Describe prototypical course of schizophrenia

A
  • Premorbid, predromal, onset, residual relapsing
82
Q

What is behavioral genetics behind Schizophrenia

A
  • 80% heritable, genetic vulnerability, negative symptoms have stronger component
83
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia

A
  • Caused by excess dopamine
  • Effacacy in treating psychosis
  • Too much dopamine causes too much salience- something we need to pay attention to
84
Q

What is the brain structure and function behind Schizophrenia

A
  • Enlarged ventricles, not seen in everyone. Correlated with worse functioning, worse response to meds, worse performance
85
Q

Prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia functioning

A
  • Speach, decision making, goal directed behavior in prefrontal cortex.
  • Reduction in grey matter- reduce prefrontal cortex
86
Q

Temporal cortex and schizophrenia functioning

A

reduced hippocampal volume, related to disrupted HPA axis, stress is neurotoxic so could be more about that

87
Q

Connectivity in brain and schizophrenia

A
  • Loss of dendrites in Prefrontal cotex, less connectivity of white matter, difficulty in disengaging default mode- what brain does when not engaged in task
88
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorder and schixophrenia

A
  • Low oxygen giving birth, presence of toxic chemicals during birth, early malnutrition, maternal stress
89
Q

What was walkers study of home movies

A
  • Evidence of subtle differences in motor skills, expression of emotions, attention in small kids early on
90
Q

What is the default mode network

A
  • What our brain does when we are not engaged on a particular task- mind wandering
  • Difficulty disengaging= schizophrenia maybe

Psychopathology (8 decks)

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