unit 2 exam revision

Question 1

person perception

Answer 1

the mental processes we use to form our impressions of other people

Question 2

physical cues

Answer 2

physical characteristics and behaviors of people that influence our impressions of them

Question 3

saliency detection

Answer 3

we are likely to initially judge people based on salient characteristics. Refers to anything that is prominent like appearance

Question 4

social categorization

Answer 4

is a mental shortcut used in person perception to categorize people into groups based on their shared social characteristics?

Question 5

example of saliency detection

Answer 5

if you are interviewing for a new job, information that is important to you, such as the salary, would be more salient compared to other details like small talk.

Question 6

social categorization example

Answer 6

a person might partner up with a new girl who looks intelligent, due to her appearance and quiet nature but after partnering with her you realise they lazy and incompetent

Question 7

physical cues example

Answer 7

a person walks into a coffee shop and is wearing glasses and a button shirt you you might think they are a nerd and smart and another person walks in with a leather jacket you might assume they are a motorbike rider

Question 8

personal attribution

Answer 8

an explanation due to the characterisitcs of the person, such as personality and ability

• they are internal factors

Question 9

situational attribution

Answer 9

explanation due to factors external to the person involved such as actions of another person, the environment

-they are external factors

Question 10

fundamental attribution error

Answer 10

our tendency to overemphasis personal factors and ignore situational ones when judging the behavior of other people

Question 11

example of a fundamental attribution error

Answer 11

people on the dole are lazy and the victim must have done something to provoke it

Question 12

actor-observer bias

Answer 12

when explaining our own behavior, we tend to have an opposite bias to the fundamental attribution

Question 13

self-serving bias

Answer 13

tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors.

Question 14

example of self-serving bias

Answer 14

if you win a game, then you might attribute your success to skill but if you lose then you might blame the rules

Question 15

attitudes

Answer 15

an attitude in psychology is a person’s evalution of other people, objects, issues or anything else

Question 16

tri component model of attitudes

Answer 16

this proposes that attitudes have three related components affective, behavioural and cognitive

Question 17

affective component

Answer 17

emotional component of attitudes which involves how you feel about people, objects, places. These feelings ca be good or bad or neutral

Question 18

behavioral component

Answer 18

this is the action component which involves what you do as an expression of your attitude. It also refers to how you might behave if a certain situation occurs

Question 19

cognitive component

Answer 19

this is the mental component which involves beliefs or thoughts that you have about people, objects or places. Beliefs are linked to what we know about the world and develop long experiences

Question 20

inconsistency between the components

Answer 20

sometimes a person’s behaviour does not reflect the attitude they hold- they are out of sync

Question 21

limitation of the tri-component model

Answer 21

sometimes its assumed that if we understand an attitude we can predict a person behaviour

Question 22

stereotypes

Answer 22

a collection of fixed ideas about members of a certain group in which their individual differences are ignored

Question 23

stereotyping

Answer 23

the process of creating stereotypes and matching people to them

Question 24

how stereotypes are useful

Answer 24

lets us use less information about someone to determine what we think about them and thus makes using certain thinkng and decision making skills a lot faster

Question 25

how stereotypes are harmful

Answer 25

individuals are unlikely to have all the characteristics that the stereotype assumes and individuals differences are ignored

Question 26

stigma

Answer 26

negative attitudes against someone based on distinguishing characteristics, such as mental illness, disability gender, and sexuality

Question 27

in-groups

Answer 27

any group that you belong to or identify with

Question 28

out-groups

Answer 28

any group that you don’t belong with or identify with

Question 29

cognitive dissonance

Answer 29

the discomfort that people experience when they have conflicting beliefs or when their behaviors contradict their beliefs

Question 30

influences on cognitive biases

Answer 30

type of belief-more personal have greater dissonance

value of beliefs

level of conflict

Question 31

cognitive biases

Answer 31

includes errors in thinking that lead us to misinterpret the information we perceive around

Question 32

anchoring bias

Answer 32

tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information that you learn which results in a person making insufficient adjustments in decisions