last sac of term 3 Flashcards
perceptual distortions
errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perceptual process
Sensation
the physical Detection and response to sensory information vie sensory receptors.
Perception
The cognitive detection of stimuli. assigning meaning to incoming sensory information.
Interpretation
The process of assigning meaning to incoming sensory information so that it can be understood.
Retina
A layer of neural tissue at the back of the eye that receives and absorbs light, and processes images for transmission to the brain.
Visual perception principle
‘Rule’ applied to visual information to assist organization and interpretation of the information in consistent and meaningful ways.
Gestalt principle of visual perception
Organizing the features of a visual scene to perceive a whole, complete form.
Figure-ground
figure-ground is dividing a visual scene into a ‘figure’, which stands out from the ‘ground’, which is its surroundings.
Closure
The perceptual tendency to mentally ‘close up’, fill in, or ignore gaps in a visual image, and to perceive objects as complete/Whole.
Similarity
The tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features, such as size, shape, texture or color, as belonging together in a unit, group or ‘whole’
Proximity
The tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that are positioned close together as belonging together in a group.
Depth perception
The ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions.
Depth cue
Source of information from the environment (external cue) or from within the body (internal cue) that assists perception of how far away objects are and therefore perceive depth, often classified as binocular or monocular.
Binocular depth cue
A depth (or distance) perception cue requiring the use of both eyes.
Convergence
A binocular visual perception depth cue involving the inward turning of the eyes to focus on nearby objects.
Retinal disparity
A binocular visual perception depth cue based on the difference (disparity) of the retinal images.
Monocular depth cue
A depth perception cue requiring the use of only one eye.
Accommodation
In visual perception, a depth cue involving the automatic focusing of the lens in the eye to adjust shape in response to changes in the distance of view from an object.
Perceptual constancies
the tendency to perceive an object as remaining stable and unchanging despite any changes that may occur to the image cast on the retina.
Size constancy
Recognizing that an object’s actual size remains the same, even though the size of the image it casts on the retina changes.
Shape constancy
The tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any changes in the shape of the image on the retina.
Orientation constancy
the ability to perceive the actual orientation of objects despite variations in the orientation of its retinal image
Perceptual set
The predisposition to perceive something in accordance with expectations of what it is. Our perceptual set is shaped by our culture, which causes us to see the world in a particular way.
Context
The setting situation or environment in which an event occurs; in visual perception, the setting in which a perception is made.
Motivation
Processes within us which activate behavior that we direct towards achieving a particular goal.
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Past experience
Personal experiences throughout an individual’s life, including everything that is learned intentionally and unintentionally through experience.
selective attention
the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input
Visual illusion
A perceptual misinterpretation of real sensory information whenever that sensory information is viewed.
Synaesthesia
A percetual experience in which stimulation of one sense produces additional unusual experiences in another sense.
What are the Gestalt principles?
Figure-ground
Closure
Similarity
Proximity
What are the depth cues?
Binocular: convergence & retinal disparity
Monocular: Accommodation
What are the perceptual constancies?
Size, shape and brightness
Perceptual set - factors
Context, motivation, memory and past experience
Müller-Lyer Illusion
A visual illusion in which one of the two lines of equal length, each which has opposite shaped ends, is incorrectly perceived as being longer than the other.
Feathertail
line causes our eyes to
turn outward, causing less muscle
tension and making it look farther
(and therefore longer)
carpentered-world hypothesis
attempt to explain the muller-lyer illusion in terms of the cultural experience of living in a carpentered, right-angled world like our own
apparent distance theory
if two objects cast the same-size retinal image, but one is perceived to be further way, we interpret the distant object as being larger because of past experience and memory (top-down processing). Misapplication of size constancy.
arrowhead
line causes our eyes to
turn inward, causing muscle
tension and the perception of it
being closer
Spinning Dancer Illusion
a visual illusion in which the silhouette of a female dancer can be interpreted as spinning either clockwise or anti-clockwise
bistable perception
the ability to perceive more than one interpretation of a single stimulus, but only one at a time
spatial neglect
a tendency to ignore the left side of the body or the left side of objects
fallibility
the tendency to make mistakes or be wrong
sustained attention
the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
divided attention
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
top-down processing
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
Bottom-up processing
is the processing of sensory
information beginning with salient sensory date
salient
Prominent, most noticeable feature compared to it’s environment
automatic cognitive processes
Mental activity that happens involuntarily, sometimes without the person’s awareness.
controlled cognitive processes
intentional, requires attention, deliberate effort
Schema
a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world
retinal image
The image of an object that is projected on the retina. Its size increases with the size of that object and decreases with the object’s distance from the eye.
ambiguous
open to more than one interpretation
