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psychology 1 & 2 > chapter 7a to pp 8 unit 2 first sac > Flashcards

chapter 7a to pp 8 unit 2 first sac Flashcards

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1
Q

social cognition

A

how we interrupt, analyze and remember and use the information to make judgments about others

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2
Q

person perception

A

mental processes we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people

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3
Q

schema

A

our pre-existing mental ideas relating to a concept that helps us organise and interpret information

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4
Q

factors that influence a person’s perception

A

physical cues, body language, and social categorization

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5
Q

halo effect

A

the impression we form about one quality of a person influences our beliefs and expectations about the person in other categories

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6
Q

body language

A

non-verbal communication through gestures, facial expressions

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7
Q

saliency detection

A

we notice the most noticeable characteristics compared to its surroundings

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8
Q

social categorization

A

the process of identifying a person as a member of the certain group because of features they share

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9
Q

attribution

A

the process by which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behavior

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10
Q

personal attribution

A

explanation due to the characteristics of the person, such as personality, ability, mood

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11
Q

situational attribution

A

explanation due factors external to the person involved, such as the actions of another person, the environment

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12
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors on other people’s behavior

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13
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

our tendency to attribute our own behavior to external or situational causes, yet attribute others’ behavior to internal factors

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14
Q

self-serving bias

A

When judging ourselves we tend to take the credit for our successes and attribute failures to situational factors

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15
Q

attitude

A

evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue

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16
Q

the affective component of an attitude

A

refers to the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue

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17
Q

the behavioral component of an attitude

A

the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions

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18
Q

the cognitive component of an attitude

A

beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue

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19
Q

consistent attitude

A

you might avoid a spider (B) because you are scared of spiders (A) and believe they can harm you (C)

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20
Q

inconsistent attitude

A

a person may dislike watching cricket (A) because they believe it is boring (C) but they go to a game because their friend plays cricket (B)

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21
Q

Limitation of the Tri-component model

A

People’s attitudes and behaviors can be inconsistent

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22
Q

stereotypes

A

a collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group

23
Q

stereotypes as helpful

A

Stereotyping lets us use less information about someone to determine what we think about them, and thus makes using certain thinking and decision-making skills a lot faster

24
Q

stereotyping as harmful

A

can lead to stigma, often based on no evidence, ignores individuality

25
Q

ingroup

A

any group you belong to or identify with

26
Q

outgroup

A

any group you do not belong to or identify with

27
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

28
Q

how to reduce cognitive dissonance

A

change cognition, change behaviour, add new cognition

29
Q

cognitive bias

A

errors in thinking that lead us to misinterpret the information we perceive around us

30
Q

anchoring bias

A

a tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information

31
Q

attentional bias

A

tendency to pay attention to some things and ignore others, thereby limiting our option

32
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

33
Q

Dunning-Kruger Effect

A

The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability.

34
Q

heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts or “rules of thumb” that help us quickly make decisions

35
Q

availability heuristic

A

making a judgment based on how easy or difficult it is to bring specific examples to mind

36
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

categorising a person, object, event or anything else by judging how closely it matches our idea of a typical member of the category

37
Q

affect heuristic

A

mental shortcut based on a person’s current emotional state. Essentially, your affect (emotional response) plays a role in your decisions and behaviour

38
Q

positives of heuristics

A

People typically use heuristics to avoid exerting too much mental energy

39
Q

negatives of heuristics

A

when we are not motivated to make judgements or decisions effortfully, they might rely instead on automatic heuristic responses and, in doing so, risk propagating stereotypes

40
Q

prejudice

A

A negative feeling toward an entire category of people.

41
Q

discrimination

A

negative behavior that is directed toward a social group and its members

42
Q

stereotype v prejudice v discrimination

A

stereotype - thought
prejudice - feeling
discrimination - behaviour

43
Q

reducing prejudice

A

intergroup contact and changing social norms

44
Q

intergroup contact

A

increasing direct contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each othe

45
Q

factors of intergroup contact

A

sustained contact, mutual interdependence, shared goal, equality of status

46
Q

changing social norms

A

Prejudice and discrimination flourish when they are perceived as a social norm or shared value, but they die out when other social norms oppose them

47
Q

heuristic v bias

A

a heuristic is a mental shortcut whereas a bias is an error in thinking. They both can increase stereotyping and stigma

48
Q

influence of media on behavior

A

social connections and social comparison

49
Q

the positive influence of social connections

A

the increase in social media use has positively influenced communication and supported social networking opportunities for individuals and professional groups

50
Q

the negative influence of social connections

A

social media and video games make it more difficult to distinguish between the meaningful relationships that are made in the real world and the casual relationships that are formed through social network

51
Q

the positive influence of social comparison

A

gives u s a way to determine whether we are on track

52
Q

the negative influence of social comparison

A

can compare behavior according to an unrealistic standard and subsequently develop low self-esteem

53
Q

upward social comparison

A

comparing to someone who we feel is above us to inspire us

54
Q
A

psychology 1 & 2 (8 decks)

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