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psychology 1 & 2 > sac 2 revsion > Flashcards

sac 2 revsion Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

individual nerve cells that receive, process and/or transmits information to other cells

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2
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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4
Q

3 main areas of the brain

A

hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

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5
Q

3 structures of the hindbrain

A

medulla poms and cerebullem

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6
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing (hindbrain)

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7
Q

pons

A

involved in sleep, dreaming and arousal from sleep (hindbrain)

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8
Q

cerebellum

A

Balance and coordination (hindbrain)

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9
Q

midbrain

A

connects the lower and upper structures of the brain, helps orient us

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10
Q

reticular formation

A

helps screen incoming information so as not to overload the brain, helps regulates arousal and muscle tone

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11
Q

3 structures of the forebrain

A

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

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12
Q

cerebrum

A

responsible for almost everything we consciously think, feel and do (forebrain)

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13
Q

hypothalamus-helps hoemastis

A

a vital role in maintaining homeostasis through regulating the release of hormones and behaviours associated with basic needs

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14
Q

thalamus

A

filters information from almost all the sense receptor sites , then passes it to relevant areas of the brain for further processing (forebrain)

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15
Q

left hemispheric specialization

A

verbal, logic and reasoning

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16
Q

right hemispheric specialization

A

non verbal, visual thinking, recognizing faces

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17
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occiptal

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18
Q

frontal lobe

A

associated with reasoning, planning, movement

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19
Q

primary motor cortex

A

the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement

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20
Q

broca’s area

A

controls language expression - an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

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21
Q

parietal lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch and sensation

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22
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

the region of the parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

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23
Q

temporal lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and understanding language

24
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

the region of the temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system

25
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; located in the left temporal lobe

26
Q

occipital lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

27
Q

primary visual cortex

A

the region of the occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system

28
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

formation of new synapses

29
Q

synaptic pruning

A

a process whereby the synaptic connections that are not used are lost

30
Q

sudden onset brain injury

A

occurs abruptly (blow to the head, car accident, etc.)

31
Q

insidious onset brain injury

A

gradually develops over time (tumour, Parkinson’s)

32
Q

acquired brain injury

A

Brain damage that occurs as a result of injury or physical trauma to the brain after birth

33
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

A type of ABI caused by a blow to the head, or by the head moving forwards and backwards rapidly

34
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

causes the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, mispronounce words

35
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

36
Q

brain plasticity

A

The capacity for the brain to alter its structure and function

37
Q

Rerouting

A

an undamaged neuron that has lost a connection with an active neuron may seek a new active neuron and connect with it instead

38
Q

sprouting

A

the growth of additional branches on axons or dendrites to enable new connections

39
Q

long term potentiation

A

gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

40
Q

long term depression

A

the long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission

41
Q

ways to maximize brain function

A

mental stimulation, diet, exercise

42
Q

symptoms of a stroke

A

Face, Arms, Speech, Time (FAST) face droopiness

43
Q

epilepsy

A

neurological disorder that causes sudden, intense bursts of brain activity, resulting in seizures

44
Q

typical symptoms of epilepsy

A

convulsions accompanied by, foaming at the mouth, and loss of body functions.

45
Q

risks associated with epilepsy

A

seizures over 5 minutes, seizures can occur at dangerous times

46
Q

diagnosing epilepsy

A

an EEG can detect abnormal brain waves, MRI and CT scan can identify affected brain regions

47
Q

treatment of epilepsy

A

antiepileptic drugs, surgery to remove affected areas

48
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A

a progressive, degenerative condition involving brain damage resulting from multiple episodes of head trauma

49
Q

typical victims of cte

A

contact sports stars, domestic violence victims, army personnel are more likely to be diagnosed

50
Q

CTE stage 1

A

headache, loss of attention and irritability

51
Q

CTE stage 2

A

rage, impulsivity, depression

52
Q

CTE stage 3

A

executive dysfunction, cognitive impairment

53
Q

CTE stage 4

A

dementia, word-finding difficulty, aggression

54
Q

CTE biological markers

A

a build-up of tau proteins which prevent neurons from staying alive and functioning properly

55
Q

diagnosis of CTE

A

CTE cannot currently be conclusively detected while the person is alive, can only be diagnosed with autopsy after death

56
Q

treatment of CTE

A

no current cure, most treatment aims at improving behavioural and cognitive function, medication can help

57
Q

prevention of CTE

A

the simplest way to prevent CTE is to prevent trauma to the head

psychology 1 & 2 (8 decks)

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