Unit 2 exam: Hair,Skin,Nails

Question 1

4 reasons why we look at skin

Answer 1

1. Indicator of overall health
2. Systemic chronic disease process can have skin manifestations
3. Acute disease process of skin
4. Chronic skin conditions

Question 2

4 functions of skin

Answer 2

1. Boundary for fluids
2. Protection: from microorganisms, harmful substances, radiation
3. Modulate body temperature
4. Synthesizes vitamin D

Question 3

layers in the epidermis and dermis

Answer 3

Epidermis
horny layer: keratinized cells (stratum corneum)
cellular layer: stratum basale and stratum spinosum, where melanin and keratin are formed

Dermis
Provides nutrition for the epidermis
Connective tissue, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, lymph vessels, and hair follicles
(supplied by vessels in sub Q)

Question 4

skin color: carotene, deoxyHg and oxyHg

Answer 4

Carotene
-Golden yellow pigment that exists in the fatty layer and in highly keratinized layers
Oxyhemoglobin
-Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood; bright red w/ full O2. Increase of blood = redness, decrease=pallor
Deoxyhemoglobin
-low O2,darker and bluer pigment. Increased content in cutaneous blood vessels causes cyanosis

Question 5

two types of cyanosis

Answer 5

Central- low level of oxygen in arteries
Peripheral- normal level of arterial oxygen; caused by the blood slowing down in cutaneous vessels and more Oxygen being extracted making it appear more blue.

Question 6

4 appendages of skin

Answer 6

hair (vellus & terminal (thick, post-puberty)), nails, seb glands, sweat glands

Question 7

apocrine glands

Answer 7

type of sweat gland: open into follicle, axilla & genital area, make body odor

Question 8

how much of the nail is under the proximal nail fold?

Answer 8

1/4 (nail root)

Question 9

angle between nail fold and plate is less than…

Answer 9

180 degrees

Question 10

how many people get skin cancer in the US?

Answer 10

1 in 5

Question 11

basal vs squamous vs melanoma (% of skin cancers, chances of metastasis)

Answer 11

basal (80%, dont metas. often)
squamous (16%, rarely metas.)
melanoma (4-5%, deep in lymph, metas. often)

Question 12

basal vs squamous vs melanoma (cell types)

Answer 12

basal: cells resembling basal layer epidermis
squamous: cells resembling spinous layers of epidermis
melanoma: melanocytes in epidermis

Question 13

ephelides

Answer 13

a freckle is caused by an over production of melanin which accumulates under the skin. NOT an overabundance of Menalocytes which is a mole or nevi.

Question 14

3 most common nevi/mole types

Answer 14

Junctional nevi- brown macules in the epidermis
Compound nevi- brown macules? (dome shaped, elevated), in both epi and dermal layers
Intradermal nevi- skin colored papules in the dermis

Question 15

risk factors for melanoma

Answer 15

H: History of previous melanoma

A: Age over 50

R: Regular dermatologist absent

M: Mole changing

M: Male gender

Question 16

sens. and spec. for ABCDE

Answer 16

Sensitivity = 50-96%
Specificity= 96-99%

Question 17

6 things to check for skin exam

Answer 17

Color
Moisture
Temperature
Texture
Mobility and Turgor
Lesions

Question 18

what to examine for nails and hair

Answer 18

Nails
color shape and lesions
angle of the proximal nail fold to nail plate: want <180 *Clubbing: chronic respiratory problems, malignancy.

Hair: quantity, distribution and texture

Question 19

testing for mobility and turgor

Answer 19

Mobility

• Edema
• Scleroderma: hardening & tightening of skin (numb, pain, color changes) from syst. sclerosis

Turgor
-Dehydration

Question 20

7 Qs to ask about skin complaint

Answer 20

When did it start?
Where did it start?
Does it itch or hurt?
How has it spread?
How have the lesions changed?
Provocative factors?
Previous treatments?

Question 21

color findings in PE, systemic vs skin

Answer 21

Systemic
-Redness
-Cyanosis- central vs. peripheral
-Jaundice- look in sclera
-Pallor
Skin: Erythema & Pigmentation