breast and axillae Flashcards
anatomical location/boundaries of the female breast :
clavicle and ___ rib down to __ rib.
sternum to _____ ______.
overlies what muscles? what shape is this region?
Anterior thoracic wall Clavicle and 2nd rib down to 6th rib Sternum to midaxillary line Rectangular region Overlies pectoralis major and serratus anterior (at inferior)
extension of breast into the axillary fold is called what?
tail of spence
for descriptive purposes, how do you divide the breast? (2 ways)
4 quadrants (upper and lower, inner and outer) "clockface" w/ distance cm from nipple
three types of female breast tissue
- glandular
- fibrous connective
- adipose
what is the glandular tissue like?
(secretory tubuloalveolar glands/ducts)
Forms 15-20 septated lobes radiating around the nipple
Smaller lobules drain into milk-producing ducts and sinuses that open onto surface of breast at areola
what is the fibrous tissue like?
Structural support (fibrous bands, suspensory ligaments)
where is the adipose tissue usually?
Predominantly superficial and peripheral areas
as you get older, breast tissue is more _____
adipose (less dense)
what are the rounded elevations around the areola? (3 )
Sebaceous glands, sweat glands, accessory areolar glands
what does tactile stimulation do to the nipple? if this isnt happening what might be a cause?
Tactile stimulation = nipple smaller, firmer, more erect and areola puckers and wrinkles
-not happening? somthing blocking the smooth muscle contraction response like a tumor
Nipple and areola supplied by _____ ______ _______ to express milk
Sensory innervation triggers “letdown” due to what?
Nipple and areola supplied by smooth muscle for contraction to express milk
Sensory innervation triggers “letdown” due to neurohormonal stimulation from suckling
what does the female breast feel like?
Soft can be Granular, Nodular, “Lumpy”
- may or may not be pathologic
what is “physiologicl nodularity” of the breast?
normal nodularity feeling, Often bilateral and may increase prior to menses
what a supernumerary nipples?
extra nipples along the milk line
what is the male breast like?
Thin disc of undeveloped breast tissue consisting primarily of ducts
Minimal development due to lack of estrogen and progesterone stimulation
lymphatics of the breast, most drain where? which are most frequently palpable? where are these located?
- Most drain toward axilla
- Central nodes : Along chest wall, usually high and deep in axilla and midway between the anterior and posterior axillary folds
central nodes of the breast accept drainage from what three groups?
- pectoral nodes
- subscapular nodes
- lateral nodes
where do the central nodes drain TO?
supraclavicular and infraclavicular nodes
where are the pectoral nodes? what do they drain?
Pectoral nodes – anterior, lower border of pec major; drain ant. chest wall and much of breast
where are the subscapular nodes? what do they drain?
Subscapular nodes – posterior, along lateral border of scapula, deep in posterior axillary fold; drain posterior chest wall and portion of arm
where are the lateral nodes? what do they drain?
Lateral nodes – along upper humerus; drain most of arm
where are the internal mammary nodes?
near, along the sternum
when should women do self-breast exams?
5-7 days after onset of menses when estrogen stimulation is lowest (beginning of cycle). the way you can feel something that is ABNORMALLY tender or enlarged.
ACS and U.S. Preventive Health Services Task Force
Every ___-___ years for those in their ____.
(kind of confusing how Airey wrote this… not sure if its the combined guidelines..)
every 1-2 years, 40s.
