Unit 2 Exam Flashcards
Distinguishing features of animal kingdom
- cell-cell adhesion
- gap junctions (communication)
- 4 distinct tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve) many in “organs”
- embryonic cell layers (2 or 3 germ layers)
- movement (contractile muscle, not just flagella and cilia)
Fungi protist ancestor
water molds with flagella
- fungi lost flagella and evolved spores
- cell walls with chitin
- higher fungi dikaryon cells
Animal protist ancestor
colonies of flagellates
- all animals have multicellular reproductive organs
Plants protist ancestor
green algae
- all plants have multicellular reproductive organs
Plants sister group
Green algae (charophytes)
Distinguishing traits of the Plant Kingdom
- monophyletic group (not unique)
- multicellular embryos (retained for a while on the parent plant) “Embryophyta”
- apical meristem (region of continuous mitosis)
- multicellular male and female reproductive organs(not unique)
Shared traits of the Plant kingdom
- complex multicell shared with fungi and animals
-autotrophs and photosynthesis with algae - cellulose cell walls with green algae
Benefits for plants living on land
- increased energy from sun
- escape aquatic predators
- easier to absorb CO2 from the air
- easier for chlorophyll to absorb light energy
Challenges of plants living on land
- gravity
- water loss
- water uptake
- need to grow tall to compete for more sunlight
- diff predators
- too much UV
Adaptations for living on land for plants
- support stems -> gravity
- transport tissue -> water uptake
- waxy cuticle -> water loss
- root surface area
- antipredator defenses
What reproductive adaptations evolved for plant success away from water
from swimming sperm to pollen
Purpose of each plant organ
Leaf - photosynthesis
Root - anchor and absorb
Stem - transport and support
Evidence of a common ancestor
- DNA genome in all organism
- metabolism with ATP as energy carrier
- cell organization with a ppl bilayer
- universal genetic code for proteins made from the same 20 amino acids
- ribosomes with similar RNA sequences
Nuclear envelope
b - absent
a - absent
e - present
cell wall material
b - peptidoglycan
a - vaies, no peptidoglycan
e - animals = none, fundi = chitin, plants = cellulose