Unit 2 - Exam Flashcards
Cell division in body cells, causing growth, development, and replacement of dead cells.
MITOSIS
Your genotype is your genetic make-up, and your actual physical traits are your ___.
PHENOTYPE
This refers to whether a gene is transcribed to a protein, or turned “on”
GENE EXPRESSION
Proteins are made of ____ linked together
AMINO ACIDS
Most chromosomes are ___, and they do not determine sex.
AUTOSOMES
A trait that is determined by multiple genes.
POLYGENIC
The smallest unit of life
CELL
The matching of bases when building a new DNA molecule follows which rule?
COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING
___ is the process by which a stem cell because a specific cell, like a liver cell or a muscle cell (two words, no spaces).
CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION
The electrical impulse that travels down the axon is called an?
Action Potential
What drugs cross the blood-brain barrier and affect the nervous system.
PSYCHOACTIVE
The ___ of the neuron receive signals from other neurons.
DENDRITES
The portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves running throughout your body
PNS
The portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
CNS
Portion of the brainstem that (among other things) controls respiration and heart rate (two words)
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
An action potential travels along the ___ of a neuron.
AXON
This lobe of the cerebrum processes visual information
OCCIPITAL
The ____ is a wall between the bloodstream and the nervous system, and only some substances can cross it
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
A neurotransmitter that can produce feelings of wellbeing, pleasure, and euphoria
DOPAMINE
The lowest part of the brain
BRAINSTEM
The chemical signal that travels between neurons is the
NEURO TRANSMITTER
The top portion of the brain that is responsible for higher cognitive function, and includes several lobes with specific functions
CEREBRUM
The ___ is the communication cell of the nervous cell.
NEURON
This lobe of the cerebrum processes tactile sensory information (touch).
PARIETAL
The ___ lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for decision-making, voluntary motor, and personality.
FRONTAL
The link between the right and left hemispheres of the brain
CORPUS CALLOSUM
The structure of the brain that smooths and coordinates motor activity (does not function well if large amounts of alcohol are consumed).
CEREBELLUM
The ___ sheath insulates the axon.
MYELIN
This lobe of the cerebrum processes auditory and olfactory (smell) information
TEMPORAL
The top portion of the brain that is responsible for higher cognitive function, and includes several lobes with specific functions
CEREBRUM
A gap between two neurons
SYNAPSE
Opioids bind to this structure on a neuron
OPIOID RECEPTOR
This neuron releases neurotransmitter to signal another neuron (or muscle)
PRESYNAPTIC NEURON
An ___ neurotransmitter will stimulate/activate the postsynaptic neuron.
EXCITATORY
An ___ neurotransmitter will “put the brakes” or stop activity in the postsynaptic neuron.
INHIBITORY
A portion of the brainstem that includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
MIDBRAIN
____ neurons inhibit the release of dopamine in the ventral tegmental area (VTA).
GABAERGIC
A portion of the midbrain that sends dopamine into the “pleasure circuit”
VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA
The ____ has receptors that receive and respond to the neurotransmitters
POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON
What are the pain receptors called
NOCICEPTOR
A complete set of homologous chromosomal pairs is the ___ number, which are found in most cells of the body.
DIPLOID
An ___ is an alternative form (or version) of a gene
ALLELE
Cell division resulting in sex cells (eggs and sperm).
MEIOSIS
____ is a process of homeostasis that brings the body back to the original state (it has the opposite effect)
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
The process of actually assembling a protein, performed by different types of RNA.
TRANSLATION
A ___ is a set of three bases that codes for a specific amino acid.
CODON
Information used to build proteins
DNA
Alleles that are not expressed if a dominant allele is on the same locus of the other chromosome in a pair.
RECESSIVE
A large molecule in the nucleus of a cell that is composed of a long strand of DNA (and other supporting proteins).
CHROMOSOME
A structure composed of two or more tissues
ORGAN
The ___ number of chromosomes are found in sex cells, and contain one member of each pair of chromosomes.
HAPLOID
The location of a particular gene on a particular chromosome.
LOCUS
A pair of chromosomes, like pair 7, are ____. You received one from your mother and the other from your father.
HOMOLOGOUS
An organ that secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar (it also secretes digestive enzymes).
PANCREAS
All of an organism’s genes are called a
GENOME
is a hormone that signals the liver to release glucose into the blood.
GLUCAGON
____ is a state of equilibrium. Many regulatory mechanisms in the body will operate to maintain this state.
HOMEOSTASIS
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or part of a protein
GENE
____ helps transport information from DNA and assemble a protein
RNA
The process of creating a new DNA molecule
REPLICATION
____ is a hormone that signals the liver to take glucose out of blood and store it.
INSULIN
An individual that carries a recessive allele (and can pass it on to their offspring), but does not express that allele because they also have a dominant allele.
CARRIER
In the process of ___, RNA makes a complementary copy of DNA.
TRANSCRIPTION
What are chains of amino acids
Protein
What determines the function of the protein
Its shape
This system functions to obtain nutrients
Digestive
This system includes the larynx and pharynx
Respiratory
An endocrine gland that regulates metabolism
Thyroid
This cell type is free-floating and flat, allowing for quick exchange of material in and out of the cell
Red Blood Cell
This system transports substance throughout the body
Circulatory
This substance covers joint surfaces
Cartilage
The reproductive organs where a fetus develops
Uterus
A digestive system organ that produces enzymes
Pacreas
This system provides both support and protection
Skeletal
This system function to rid the body of waste and maintain water balance
Urinary
This tissue consists of sheets of cells that line surfaces for protection and exchange of material
Epithelial
The master control of the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
This system consists of several organ including tonsils and the spleen
Lymphatic
The organ for gas exchange
Lung
This cell type has long protein filaments that slide past each other
Muscle
What is another word for the throat
Pharynx
This cell type is long and thin and functions to communicate with other cells
Nervous
A digestive system organ that stores nutrients
Liver
This system functions to communicate information and control processes in the body and the does it through hormones
Endocrine
This system provides an outer layer of protection of the body
Integumentary system
The organ that filters blood
Kidney
These structures hold bones together
Ligament
The organ that produces sex cells
Gonads
An endocrine gland that releases adrenaline
Adrenal
These structures anchor skeletal muscles to bones
Tendons
This cell type is long and thin and functions to communicate with other cells
Neuron
This type of tissue binds structures together
Connective
