Unit 1 - Exam Flashcards
What are the two broad categories that all cells fall into?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.
Archaea are classified as which kind of cells?
prokaryotes
What does the “kary” in Prokaryotes mean?
Nucleus
Cells of animals, plants, fungi, and protists are all classified as what?
eukaryotes
All cells share which four common components (Hint: Please Catch Riley Dogs)
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and DNA
What do prokaryotes lack? (two answers)
A nucleus, AND any other membrane bound organelles.
What does the cell wall of a prokaryote do?
helps maintain shape, and prevents dehydration
What helps with locomotion in a cell?
Flagella
What is used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation?
Pili
What is used by bacteria to attach to a host cell.
Fimbriae
What happens if a cell grows too large?
It can not support the rate of diffusion
What do Eukaryotic cells have that prokarotic cells do not
A nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Which cells have a more complex structure? eukaryotic or prokaryotic
eukaryotic
What is a lipid molecule with two fatty acid chains
phospholipid
How do wastes leave a cell?
Passing through the plasma membrane
Plasma membranes of cells that specialize in absorption are folded into what fingerlike projections?
microvilli
What is the entire region of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope
cytoplasm
What is the cytoplasm made up of
organelles, cytosol, and the cytoskeleton
Where do many metabolic reactions, including protein synthesis, take place
cytoplasm
What houses the DNA
the nucleus
Where does the ribosome synthethesis occur
necleolus
What is the boundary of the nucleus is called?
nuclear envelope
Where is the nuclear envelope located?
outermost portion of the nucleus
What is the semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus, where we find the chromatin and the nucleolus
The Nucleoplasm
What are the structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA, the hereditary material.
Chromosomes
When are chromosomes visible and distinguishable from one another
when the cell is getting ready to divide.
What are the unwound protein chromosome complexes called?
Chromatin
darkly staining area within the nucleus called?
the nucleolus
What are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Where are the Ribosomes located
in the cytoplasm
What are the building blocks of protein
Amino Acids
What are commonly referred to powerhouses or energy factories?
Mitochondira
What is responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Mitochondria
What happens when your cells don’t get enough oxygen (hint: when your muscles aren’t getting enough oxygen they produce this)
they do not make enough ATP causing production in lactic acid
What are the inner folds of the Mitochondria called
cristae
What carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids
Peroxisomes
What do Peroxisomes do when poison’s enter the body?
Detoxify them
What are the two membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport
Vesicles and vacuoles
What do animal cells have that plants do not
centrioles and lysosomes
What do Plant cells have that animal cells do not?
a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole
What is the microtubule-organizing center found near the nuclei of animal cells. (that lie at right angles)
centrosome
Which cells are capable of cell division
Plants
DELETE
DELETE
What are the cells garbage disposal?
lysosomes
In plant cells, where does the digestive processes take place
vacuoles
What is the rigid covering that protects the cell?
cell wall
What is the chief component of prokaryotic cell walls
peptidoglycan
What is the the major organic molecule in the plant cell wall
cellulose
What are plant cell organelles that carry out photosynthesis called?
Chloroplasts (you must spell this answer)
What is a major difference between plants and animals when consuming (eating)
plants (autotrophs) are able to make their own food, like sugars, while animals (heterotrophs) must ingest their food
Within the space enclosed by a chloroplast’s inner membrane is a set of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs called?
thylakoids
What is a stack of thylakoids called?
granum
What is the green pigment in a chloroplast called?
chlorophyll
What captures the light energy that drives the reactions of photosynthesis?
chlorophyll
What plays a key role in regulating the cell’s concentration of water in changing environmental conditions.
central vacuole
What are the steps to the scientific method?
Ask Question, Form a Hypothesis, perform tests, Collect Data, Anaylize Data, Finalize
What is a variable?
Anything that varies
What is an independent variable
Something you can control
What is a dependent variable
Stuff that occurs naturally (you attempt to control the dependent variable by adjusting the independent variable)
What is empirical Information?
Events that can be observed
What are composed of biomolecules, have a complex outer membrane and contain organelles?
Cells
What are the characteristics of life?
Growth, Responds to stimuli, Reproduces, Metabolizes, Maintains Homeostasis, Made of living cells, Four biomolecules, Evolves
What four biomolecules are in living organisms (hint: if plan a & b fails)
Carbs, proteins, lipids and Nucleic Acids
What are the combination of cells
Tissues
What is the collection of two or more tissues grouped together
organs
What is the collection of organs?
Organ system
What is a set of populations inhabiting a particular area?
Community
What are all living things in a particular area together?
Ecosystem
What is a collection of all ecosystems
Biosphere
What is the scientific classification and naming of life called?
Taxonomy
What is a group of organisms that can reproduce with each other
Species
What is the scientific naming system called?
Binomial Nomenclature
What two parts make up the Bionomial Naming
Genus AND species
What are the three domains of life
Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria
What bond to make up molecules
atoms
What are the vessels inside plants that transport water?
Xylem
What fights gravity inside a plant
Adhesion
What bonds molecules together, provide an example
Cohesion (example surface tension)
What are sugars composed of
Carbon and hydrogens
What are two examples of Simple sugars
Monosaccharide and disaccharides
What does “ose” mean
Sugar
What is an example of a complex sugar
Polysaccharides
Which fats are solid at room temp
Saturated
Which fats are liquid at room temp
Unsaturated
What make up the cell membranes
Phospholipids
Cholesterol and hormones are classified as
Steroids
What are the three examples of fats
Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Steroids
What is the most common protein in the human body
Collagen
What are the each levels of taxonomic classification (in order)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Species
What are the elements of living things (Hint think baby fawns)
Phosphorous, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
The elements of living things make up what (Hint: if plan A and B fail)
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
How many elements have been defined (how many occur naturally)
118 - defined, 92 - occurred naturally
What is created when protons and electrons are not equal?
ions
positive ions formed by losing an electron are called
Cations
negative ions formed by losing an electron are called
Anions
Which bond occurs when electrons share equally between elements
Covalent Bonds
Which bond occurs when electrons DO NOT share equally between elements
Polar Covalent bonds
Elements that dissolve in water are called
Hydrophilic
Elements that DO NOT dissolve in water are called
Hydrophobic
What does pH measure
acidity based off the amount of hydrogen
What raises pH?
bases
What absorb H or OH keeping the pH of the body carefully maintained
Buffers
What does each row indicate in the periodic table
Number of shells in the element (increasing down)
What does each column indicate in the periodic table
the number of electrons per shell (increasing to the right)
How do you satisfy the octet rule
By making the outer shell of an element equal 8
What prevents water from being a gas?
hydrogen bonding
High hydrogen indicates?
Low pH
What Indicates high pH
Low hydrogen
What builds steroid hormones
lipids
What occurs when a change at one trophic level affects the other levels as well?
TROPHIC CASCADE
What is a characteristic in which a complex organization has that the individual parts do not?
EMERGENT PROPERTY
What Contains DNA in a eukaryotic cell?
NUCLEUS
A membrane-bound container for bulk transport of molecules across the plasma membane?
VESICLE
What are the parts of the cell that perform specific functions
ORGANELLES
Primates have ___ which allows them to have visual depth perception
BINOCULAR VISION
A collection of individuals of the same species that live together and interbreed?
POPULATION
The ___ is like the workbench for protein synthesis.
RIBOSOME
All primates have ____ that allow them to pick up and manipulate objects
OPPOSABLE THUMBS
What results in more individuals (offspring) in the population.
REPRODUCTION
What is the change over time, often by adapting to the environment called?
Evolution
This is composed of two or more tissues.
Organ
Keeping the body in a steady state
HOMEOSTASIS
The phylum that includes animals that have spinal cords.
CHORDATA
This taxonomic level includes all the individuals who can reproduce with each other.
SPECIES
The organelle that performs photosynthesis
CHLOROPLAST
A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function
TISSUE
The taxonomic level that includes mammals
Class
The highest classification of life
Domain
What is the smallest unit that can be considered alive
Cell
An infectious agent composed of biomolecules
Virus
What are the building blocks of life
BIOMOLECULES
All the chemical reactions in the body
METABOLISM
The second-highest classification of life
KINGDOM
“Homo” is the name of the ____ of humans.
GENUS
This order includes apes, monkeys, and humans
PRIMATE
Cell membranes contain lipids that are called
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
These particles are located in the nucleus of the atom and have a positive charge.
PROTON
What type of carbohydrates are several sugar molecules linked together.
COMPLEX
The polar nature of water helps organisms maintain their _______ in homeostasis
TEMPERATURE
Fats and oils belong to a type of lipid called a ____.
TRIGLYCERIDE
A fundamental form of matter, which cannot be broken down, is called?
ELEMENT
Chemistry is the study of _____ and energy.
MATTER
Molecules that are formed from polar covalent bonds like to dissolve in water. These molecules are ______.
HYDROPHILIC
The building blocks of proteins are
Ammino Acid
A particle made of a collection of protons, neutrons (in all cases but one), and electrons.
atom
_____ molecules do not have a backbone of carbon.
INORGANIC
A macromolecule made of amino acids
proteins
When atoms share electrons with each other and form a stable association, they form a ____.
MOLECULE
When salt is dissolved in water, the ions (also called electrolytes) are called?
SOLUTES
Protons and ____ are located in the nucleus of an atom.
NEUTRON
Cholesterol and some hormones are lipids called?
STEROIDS
Starches and sugars are?
CARBOHYDRATES
Triglycerides are in a class of macromolecules called?
LIPIDS
Molecules that will not dissolve in water are called _____. Lipids are an example
HYDROPHOBIC
Which molecules have a backbone of carbon
ORGANIC
When electrons are not shared equally between atoms, and there is a difference in charge across the molecule, these molecules have what kind of bond?
Polar
When salt is dissolved in water, water is referred to as the ____.
SOLVENT
The nucleic acid that carries out the instructions of DNA is called?
RNA
The nucleotide that provides energy to do work in a cell is?
ATP
These particles are found in shells outside the nucleus of an atom.
ELECTRON
What kind of carbohydrates have one or two sugar molecules linked together
SIMPLE
The hereditary molecule for all living organisms is ___.
DNA
This protein is a catalyst - that is, it increases the rate of chemical reactions.
ENZYME
The ____ are made of RNA and proteins, and they assemble strings of amino acids to make other proteins.
RIBOSOMES
Another name for the outer cell membrane is the ___ membrane.
PLASMA
The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
METABOLISM
The energy from this simple sugar is utilized to create ATP through cellular respiration.
GLUCOSE
The molecule that accepts electrons at the end of aerobic respiration. Without it, aerobic respiration would stop.
OXYGEN
Embedded in the phospholipids of the plasma membrane are ____ that have various functions like transporting molecules in and out, and receiving information.
PROTEINS
_____ transport includes endocytosis and exocytosis, when containers move substances in and out of the cell.
VESICULAR
When the transport of substances across the membrane does not require energy from the cell, this transport is called ___ transport.
PASSIVE
During aerobic respiration, the carbons of glucose are released as _____
CARBON DIOXIDE
When a substance is forced across the membrane, using ENERGY, to an area of higher concentration, this process is ____ transport.
ACTIVE
Membrane-bound containers inside the cell that ship and store substances
VESICLES
All cells have an outer membrane. This membrane is made of proteins embedded in molecules called ____.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
The difference in the amounts of a substance on the two sides of the plasma membrane is referred to as the concentration ____.
GRADIENT
The liquid portion of the cytoplasm is called the ____.
CYTOSOL
Everything contained within the cell membrane is the ______.
CYTOPLASM
Most living organisms can use oxygen and glucose to produce ATP in a process called _____ (two words).
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
The DNA is housed in this structure in Eukaryotic cells.
NUCLEUS
The molecule produced by aerobic respiration (two words, not abbreviated).
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
What occurs when substances move along their concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration.
DIFFUSION
The structures floating in the cytosol that perform various functions are the ____
ORGANELLES
These organelles perform cellular respiration to produce ATP. They are often called the “power plant” of the cell.
MITOCHONDRIA
Which tissue type lines the intestines and performs absorption of nutrients?
Your tendons are made of ___ tissue, and they are part of your ____ system.
Consider a protein that is shaped like a tunnel and embedded in the outer cell membrane. What is its likely function?
