Final Exam Flashcards
A study showing a high correlation between certain chemical contaminants and poor reproductive health might not lead the Environmental Protection Agency to place an absolute ban on these substances because _____ does not always mean _______
correlation; causation
An experiment where neither the subjects nor the researchers know who is in the experimental and control groups is called?
double blind
You are studying the effect of a nutrient supplement on growth in muscle mass. What is the dependent variable
amount of muscle mass
A set of related hypotheses that have been tested and not falsified are referred to as
a theory
???
Independent Variables
????
Variant variables
A control group is given a ________ instead of the experimental drug
placebo
A scientist is investigating the effect of an experimental drug to improve cognitive performance in mice. She divides her mice into two groups. The experimental group receives the drug and the control group does not. Otherwise, the two groups are similar: they both have equal numbers of males and females, all the mice in both groups are about the same age, and both groups have the same living conditions (e.g. food, size of cage). The process of creating two similar groups is called
randomization
Living organisms possess many common characteristics. They also demonstrate a very wide degree of diversity. The theory that describes how this diversity has arisen over time is known as the
Evolutionary Theory
????
Anecdotal evidence
What are the steps of the scientific inquiry
????
A vaccine is usually composed of
inactivated disease-causing microbes.
Metabolism refers to
all chemical reactions in the human body, which includes the energy required to build and breaking down molecules
What are the taxonomic levels from first to last
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What is the name for the ability of living things to maintain a relatively constant internal environment?
homeostasis
A multicellular organism, whose cells contain a nuclei, and feeds through a process called photosynthesis belongs to which domain/kingdom?
eukarya / plantae
Name the living items in order
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, ecosystems
The organelle in a(n) ____ cell that stores DNA is the _____
eukaryotic; nucleus
Which organelles are involved in harvesting energy
vesicles, ribosomes
What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes
plants, animals, protists, and fungi
Chordata belongs to which taxonomic level
Phylum
Primates belong to which taxonomic level
Order
Which structures are found in eukaryotic cells but NOT in prokaryotic cells
nucleus and a mitochondria
Which traits distinguish primates from other mammal
large brained, fingernails instead of claws
_______ are made up of ______and one of their main functions is to ______
nucleic acids, nucleotides, store and transfer information
What are the monomer ““building blocks”” that make up proteins
amino acids
What are the three different types of lipids
phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids
What is an emergence? Provide a specific example from biology
All things working together to create one bigger thing. Example; ants work together to make up a colony
???
Solvent
????
Solute
Water is a polar molecule, which means
it is excellent at regulating body temperature AND one side is positive and the other side is negative
The information for creating a protein is stored in ___ which determines the sequence of ___ that make up the protein
DNA; amino acids
What are the steps of protein Synthesis (watch a video)
1-DNA unzips,
2-Transcription (mRNA makes complimentary copy of DNA, )
3-mRNA leaves the nucleus,
4-Translation: at the ribosome tRNA brings ammino acid that corresponds with Codons on the mRNA,
5-after tRNA brings them to the ribosome, ammino acids are linked to make protein
A mutation is most precisely defined as
damage to a DNA molecule that alters its sequence
When a human grows or repairs damaged tissue, which cellular process is used?
mitosis
Alternate forms of a gene are called
alleles.
Whether or not a given gene is transcribed and translated into a protein is referred to as
gene expression
The members of a pair of chromosomes (for example, the two copies of chromosome 1) are called
homologous chromosomes.
Humans have __________ chromosomes in each diploid cell, and ________ genes on each chromosome.
46 - hundreds or thousands of
If an allele is not expressed in a heterozygote, it is
recessive
The observable, physical traits of an individual is his/her _________________, whereas his/her ____________________ is the underlying alleles that (partly) determine the traits
phenotype; genotype
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that results from the inheritance of two recessive alleles. What is the chance that a child will inherit the disorder if one parent is heterozygous for this gene and one parent has cystic fibrosis? (Hint! Draw a Punnett square to help you figure out the probability)
50%
Huntington’s disease is a dominant trait. If an individual heterozygous for Huntington’s has a child with an individual who does not have Huntington’s, what is the chance that the child will has Huntington’s disease? (Hint! Draw a Punnett square to help you figure out the probability)
50%
Punnett square
Video?
A man has freckles (a dominant trait) and marries a woman that does not have freckles. If the man is heterozygous for the trait (Ff) what percentage of their children would likely have freckles? The gene is not sex-linked. (Hint! Draw a Punnett square to help you figure out the probability
50%
The process by which a stem cell becomes a specific cell type is ___, and it is the result of differences in ____
cellular differentiation; gene expression
Which of the following are examples of complex traits? Which of the following are examples of complex traits? Select all that apply.
a trait that displays continuous variation; there are no distinct phenotypes, instead there is a gradations or “in-betweens”
a trait that is determined by environmental factors such as nutrition
Many genes can contribute to a phenotypic trait, and this effect is referred to as
polygenic
Identify a neuron
Dendrite and Axon
The function of myelin is to
insulate the axon so the action potential travels quickly
An action potential in a neuron travels along the length of the ______ of the cell.
axon
The chemical that is released from the neuron to communicate with another cell is called the
neurotransmitter
What lobe of the cerebrum controls judgement and decision-making
Frontal
The lowest part of the human brain that connects directly to the spinal cord is known as the _____
brainstem
Visual information is processed in the ___ lobes of the cerebrum while our sense of touch is processed in the ___ lobes of the cerebrum
occipital parietal
Of the following general categories of neurons, which carry information towards the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
sensory neurons
The area of the midbrain that releases the neurotransmitter dopamine is called the
ventral tegmental area
The area of the brain that control respiration rate is the ___ and it is part of the ___.
medulla oblongata; brainstem
The way in which Narcan (the brand name for naxolone) reverses an opioid overdose is by
knocking opioids off of the opioid receptors on a pre-synaptic cell and replace them
Which tissue type lines the intestines and performs absorption of nutrients?
Epithelial
Your tendons are made of ___ tissue, and they are part of your ____ system.
connective; muscular
Consider a protein that is shaped like a tunnel and embedded in the outer cell membrane. What is its likely function?
transport channel
A________ is long and cylindrical with lots of long strings of protein that slide together to overlap and make the cell shorter
muscle
The liver belongs to which organ systems
Digestive
The kidney belongs to which organ systems
Urinary
The tonsils belongs to which organ systems
Lymphatic
The hair belongs to which organ systems
Nervous
What is the function of the endocrine system
communication and control
Which organ system functions to exchange gases between the body and the atmosphere?
respiratory
White blood cells digest many of the invasive bacteria that gain entry into the human body. How does the bacterial cell, which is much larger than molecules like glucose and amino acids, enter a white blood cell in order to be digested?
endocytosis
In passive transport, diffusion
is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Which type of protein is responsible for breaking down or building molecules (in both cases, it catalyzes the chemical reaction)?
enzyme
Why do (most) biologists not consider viruses to be alive?
look this up!
After data collection is complete, a scientist analyzes the results. One of the important tools of analysis is
Statistics
A report published in a scientific journal is considered credible evidence because _____
reports in a scientific journal are peer reviewed before publication
I’m conducting a study of the effects of loud noises on students’ performance on an exam (like when they decide it would be a great idea to do major building renovations during finals week). I hypothesize that loud noises will have a negative effect on exam scores. I require that all the men in the class take the exam on Tuesday when there is lots of noise. Then, all the women will take the exam on Wednesday when it’s quiet. Which criteria of good research design am I violating? Select all that apply.
The study is unethical AND The subjects are not randomized into the two groups
What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes?
plants, animals, protists, and fungi
In the Linnaean Classification, what level of organization contains of the following group of organisms
(mammals, reptiles, insects) but not organisms that photosynthesize
Kingdom
What is the genus and species of humans?
Homo sapiens
Which of the following levels of biological classification would contain the smallest number of species?
Genus
Which level is one lower than phylum?
Class
_______ are made up of ______and one of their main functions is to _______
nucleic acids, nucleotides, store and transfer information
Imagine some table sugar dissolved in water. Which term best describes the water?
solvent
Water is a polar molecule, which means
it is excellent at regulating body temperature AND one side is positive and the other side is negative
Which level is one lower than phylum?
Class
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a primate?
claws on all fingers
In complex and polygenic inheritance?
multiple genes contribute to a phenotype.
The information for creating a protein is stored in ___ which determines the sequence of ___ that make up the protein.
DNA; amino acids
A mutation is most precisely defined as
damage to a DNA molecule that alters its sequence
When a human grows or repairs damaged tissue, which cellular process is used?
mitosis
The members of a pair of chromosomes (for example, the two copies of chromosome 1) are called
homologous chromosomes.
The process by which a stem cell becomes a specific cell type is ___, and it is the result of differences in ____.
cellular differentiation; gene expression
Which of the following are examples of complex traits? Select all that apply.
a trait that displays continuous variation; there are no distinct phenotypes, instead there is a gradations or “in-betweens”
a trait that is determined by environmental factors such as nutrition
Many genes can contribute to a phenotypic trait, and this effect is referred to as
polygenic
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about translation
The process occurs at the ribosome AND The RNA molecules match their codons to specific amino acids
When a human grows or repairs damaged tissue, what type of cell division occurs?
mitosis
The process of “turning on” a gene - i.e. transcribing it into an actual protein, is called
gene expression
Mitosis or Meiosis? produces two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the starting cell
mitosis
Mitosis or Meiosis? reduces the cells from a diploid number to a haploid number
meiosis
Mitosis or Meiosis? produces sex cells (eggs and sperm)
meiosis
Mitosis or Meiosis? occurs during growth and development
mitosis
Place the following in order from smallest, simplest, and least complex, to largest and most inclusive.
DNA base, gene, genome, chromosome
Homologous chromosomes
are are found in pairs in body cells because you receive one from each parent. AND contain the same gene at the same locus, though the alleles may differ.
How many different types of genetic offspring (genotypes) are possible as a result of the cross shown in the Punnett square?
3
In humans, the ability to roll the tongue is a dominant trait; the inability to roll the tongue is a recessive trait. If an individual has two dominant alleles for this trait has a child with an individual who cannot roll his tongue, what is the chance that the child will have one of each allele (heterozygous)?
100%
In complex and polygenic inheritance,
multiple genes contribute to a phenotype.
If both parents have the allele for cystic fibrosis but they don’t have the disease, they are ___. The probability that they will have a child with cystic fibrosis is ___.
carriers; 25%
The structure of human cytochrome c protein is the same as that of chimpanzees, but it differs from the structure of cytochrome c in chickens by 16 amino acids and in yeast by more than 50 amino acids. From these data, one could hypothesize that humans are most closely related evolutionarily to
chimpanzees.
The process of ________ has had a major impact on the geographic distribution of species across the planet.
continental drift
Natural selection requires _______________ and__________________
genetic variation within a population; selective pressure
