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KNPE 452 > Unit 2 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

atria

A

right and left

retrieving chambers

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2
Q

ventricles

A

right and left

pumping chambers

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3
Q

right atria

A

superior and inferior vena cava empty here

receive deoxygenated blood from systemic

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4
Q

right ventricle

A

pump for pulmonary circulation

thin wall

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5
Q

the valve between the right atria and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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6
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

the right ventricle pumps into right and left pulmonary arteries

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7
Q

artery

A

takes blood away from the heart

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8
Q

veins

A

return blood to the heart

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9
Q

left artria

A

receive oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation from pulmonary veins

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10
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps blood to the systemic circulation via the aorta

wall is thick

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11
Q

the valve between the left atria and left ventricle

A

mitral or biscupid valve

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12
Q

the valve between the left ventricle and aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

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13
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated

RV to the pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries to lungs to pulmonary veins to LA

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14
Q

systemic circulation

A

pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the body becomes deoxygenated
LV to the aortic valve to the aorta to arteries to all of the body to veins to superior and inferior vena cava to RA

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15
Q

myocardial cells

A

small, branches, single nucleus

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16
Q

blood supply to the heart

A

coronary arteries

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17
Q

electric pathway of the heart

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

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18
Q

SA node

A

the pacemaker of the heart
within the RA
stimulates contraction

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19
Q

AV node

A

delays and relays signal to the ventricles so they can fill with blood

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20
Q

AV bundle

A

relays signal to the RV and LV

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21
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

sends a signal to RV and LV

stimulate RV and LV contraction when depolarized

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22
Q

ECG

A

recording hearts electrical activity

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23
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

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24
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

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25
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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26
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase

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27
Q

systole

A

contraction phase

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28
Q

stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

SV = EDV - ESV

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29
Q

end-systolic volume

A

amount of blood within the ventricle after contraction

least blood volume within the ventricles

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30
Q

end-diastolic volume

A

amount of blood within the ventricles after relaxation

the highest blood volume of blood within the ventricles

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31
Q

ejection fraction

A

percent of EDV pumped

EF = SV / EDV

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32
Q

cardiac output

A

the total volume of blood pumped per minute

Q = HR * SV

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33
Q

resting Q

A

5 L/min

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34
Q

systolic pressure

A

the highest pressure in an artery

about 120 mmHg

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35
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the lowest pressure in the artery

about 80 mmHg

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36
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

average pressure within an artery over the entire cardiac cycle

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37
Q

Q during exercise

A

20-25 L/min

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38
Q

SV at rest

A

70 mL

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39
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs

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40
Q

respiration

A

gas exchange of O2 and CO2

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41
Q

tidal volume

A

the volume of inspired or expired air per breath

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42
Q

breathing rate

A

number of breaths taken per minute

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43
Q

minute ventilation

A

the volume of air breathed per minute

VE = TV * BR

44
Q

a-VO2 difference

A

difference between arterial and venous O2

45
Q

what drives gas exchange

A

partial pressures

46
Q

the area where PO2 is high and PCO2 is low

A

the alveoli within the lungs, pulmonary veins, systemic arteries

47
Q

the areas where PO2 is low and PCO2 is high

A

within the tissues (skeletal muscles), systemic veins, pulmonary arteries

48
Q

transportation of O2 in the blood

A

O2 binds to the heme component of hemoglobin via iron
the state determined by PO2
the high affinity between O2 and Hb
Hb loads and unloads O2 based on PO2

49
Q

factors that determine % oxygen-hemoglobin saturation

A

PO2, pH, temperature

50
Q

3 ways to transport CO2

A

as bicarbonate ions
bound to Hb
dissolved in plasma

51
Q

the a-VO2 difference at rest

A

5 mL/100mL blood

52
Q

the a-vO2 difference with exercise

A

15 Ml/100mL blood

53
Q

O2 capacity in arteries at rest

A

20 mL/100mL blood

54
Q

O2 capacity in veins at rest

A

15 mL/100mL blood

55
Q

O2 capacity in arteries with exercise

A

20 mL/100mL blood

56
Q

O2 capacity in veins with exercise

A

5 mL/100mL blood

57
Q

resting HR

A

60-100 bpm

58
Q

hormones that increase HR

A

NE and E

59
Q

max HR

A

220 - age

60
Q

HR and increase in intensity

A

HR increases until a plateau or max

61
Q

increase intensity and SV

A

increases up to 40 to 60% then plateau

62
Q

max SV with exercise

A

110 mL

63
Q

factors that influence SV

A 
increase preload (EDV)
increase NE and E = increase contractility
64
Q

increase intensity and Q

A

increases with increase in intensity then plateau

65
Q

cardiovascular Fick principle

A 
VO2 = Q * (a-v)O2 difference OR
VO2 = HR * SV * (a-v)O2 difference
66
Q

symbolize O2 consumption

A

VO2

67
Q

symbolize O2 flow

A

Q

68
Q

symbolize O2 extraction

A

(a-v)O2 difference

69
Q

cardiovascular drift

A

associated with increased core temperature and dehydration
increase HR with constant exercise output within hot and humid environments
HR drifts increase to compensate (Q maintained)

70
Q

(a-v)O2 difference at rest

A

5 mL O2/100mL blood

71
Q

(a-v)O2 difference with max exercise

A

15 mL/100mL blood

72
Q

ventilatory threshold

A

the point, where L air breathed, is greater than O2 consumed
associated with an increase in lactate and increase in PCO2
shifts to the right with training

73
Q

the chamber that receives blood from pulmonary veins

A

left atria

74
Q

the chamber that receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava

A

right atria

75
Q

the chamber that receives oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary circulation

A

left atria

76
Q

the chamber that received deoxygenated blood returning from the systemic circulation

A

right atria

77
Q

the chamber that serves as a pump for systemic circulation

A

left ventricle

78
Q

the chamber that serves as the pump for pulmonary circulation

A

right ventricle

79
Q

the intrinsic rate of depolarization of the heart

A

100 bpm

80
Q

what division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for extrinsic control of the heart

A

autonomic

81
Q

division of the nervous system that increases HR above 100 bpm

A

sympathetic

82
Q

division of the nervous system that decreases HR below 100 bpm

A

parasympathetic

83
Q

neurotransmitter released from the vagus nerve in response to activation of the parasympathetic

A

ACh

84
Q

hormone released from the adrenal glands in response to activation of the sympathetic

A

epinephrine

85
Q

the force that drives blood flow

A

pressure

86
Q

force that oppose blood flow

A

resistance

87
Q

percentage of whole blood composed of the formed elements

A

hematocrit

88
Q

oxygen-binding protein found in RBCs

A

hemoglobin

89
Q

oxygen-binding sit on hemoglobin

A

heme (iron)

90
Q

reflects oxygen extraction by tissues

A

a-vO2 difference

91
Q

location of gas exchange in the lungs

A

alveoli

92
Q

predominate factor for driving gas exchange

A

partial pressure gradient

93
Q

predominant factor that determines percent oxyhemoglobin

A

PO2

94
Q

the primary method of CO2 transport

A

bicarbonate

95
Q

two factors induced by exercise that can promote oxygen unloading at tissues

A

decrease pH and increase temperature

96
Q

location of the respiratory control centers

A

medulla oblongata

pons

97
Q

primary stimulus to breathe

A

CO2

98
Q

how does HR change with an increase in exercise intensity

A

proportional

99
Q

how does increasing preload influence SV

A

increases SV

100
Q

what factor is responsible for increasing SV is directly caused by NE and E

A

contractility

101
Q

indicator of the total workload of the heart

A

rate pressure product

102
Q

two areas that receive an increase in blood flow during exercise

A

skeletal muscles and skin

103
Q

the factor of cardiac output that increases during cardiovascular drift

A

HR

104
Q

the factor of cardiac output that decreases during cardiovascular drift

A

SV

105
Q

what is released by endothelial cells in blood vessels and causes vasodilation

A

nitric oxide (NO)

106
Q

first priority of cardiovascular system

A

maintaining blood pressure

107
Q

exercise intensity at which ventilation increases disproportionally to oxygen consumption

A

ventilatory threshold

KNPE 452 (5 decks)

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