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KNPE 452 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

epimysium

A

the outer layer that surrounds a muscle

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2
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds a singular fasciculus

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3
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds an individual muscle fiber

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4
Q

two main myofilaments

A

actin and myosin

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5
Q

sarcomere

A

the functional unit of myofibril, z-line to z-line

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6
Q

A-band

A

contains both actin and myosin

unchanged with length

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7
Q

I-band

A

contains only actin

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8
Q

H-zone

A

contains only myosin

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9
Q

steps of the neuromuscular junction

A

1) motor neuron AP travels to the synaptic terminal
2) AP opens Ca+2 channels, Ca+2 enters voltage-gated channels
3) ACh is released into the synaptic cleft and binds to Na+ ligand channels
4) Na+ depolarizes the motor endplate and the sarcolemma (more +)
5) muscle fiber AP initiation, opens voltage-gated Na+ channels
6) depolarization continues down the t-tubules and opens Ca+2 channels in SR
7) Ca+2 released from SR into the cytosol, Ca+2 is low at rest, and myosin is not bound to actin
8) Ca+2 binds to troponin causing conformational change to tropomyosin and exposed binding sites

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10
Q

cross-bridge formation

A

1) cross-bridge binds to actin, depolarization, Ca+2 binds to troponin and sites exposed, myosin heads energized binds actin
2) ADP + Pi released from cross-bridge, results in a Powerstroke
3) ATP binds to myosin cross-bridge, detach actin
4) Hydrolysis of ATP energizes cross-bridge, myosin re-energized, myosin heads ATPase break down ATP

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11
Q

type I fibers

A

slow-twitch, slow oxidative
weak in strength
highly resistant to fatigue

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12
Q

type IIa

A

fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG)

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13
Q

type IIx

A

fast glycolytic (FG)
strongest
least resistant to fatigue

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14
Q

Size Principle

A

as force requirements increase, there is orderly recruitment of progressively larger motor units

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15
Q

Force-Velocity

A

increase force = decrease velocity

max force development decreases at higher speeds during concentric muscle contraction

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16
Q

Length-Tension

A

optimal sarcomere length = optimal overlap

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17
Q

isometric

A

no change in muscle length

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18
Q

concentric

A

muscle shortens

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19
Q

eccentric

A

muscle lengthens

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20
Q

goal of bioenergetics

A

produce ATP from fuel sources using energy systems

food to ATP to power all biological work

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21
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in the body

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22
Q

anabolism

A

small to large; build

amino acids to protein

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23
Q

catabolism

A

large to small; break down

glucose to CO2 + H2O

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24
Q

fat stored as

A

triglycerides

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25
Q

carbohydrates stored as

A

glycogen

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26
Q

percent of ATP production from protein at rest

A

2% at rest and up to 10% with prolonged exercise

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27
Q

how do enzymes influence the activation energy of a reaction

A

lowers activation energy to catalyze the reaction

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28
Q

what factors influence enzyme activity

A

body temperature and pH

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29
Q

the rank of systems with power

A

1) ATP-PCr
2) Glycolysis
3) Aerobic Carbs
4) Aerobic Fat

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30
Q

the rank of systems with capacity

A

1) Aerobic Fat
2) Aerobic Carbs
3) Glycolysis
4) ATP-PCr

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31
Q

how much ATP produced from 1 glucose

A

2 ATP

32
Q

how much ATP produced from 1 glycogen

A

3 ATP

33
Q

energy system used for the exercise of 10-15 seconds

A

ATP-PCr

34
Q

energy system used for the exercise of 20sec-3min

A

glycolysis

35
Q

energy system used for the exercise of 3min to fatigue

A

oxidative of carbs and fats

36
Q

pathways involved in aerobic metabolism of carbs

A

1) glycolysis
2) Krebs cycle
3) ETC

37
Q

pathways involved in aerobic metabolism of fats

A

1) beta-oxidation
2) Krebs cycle
3) ETC

38
Q

what pathway produces NADH and FADH2 and CO2

A

Krebs cycle

39
Q

what pathway uses NADH, FADH2, and O2

A

ETC

40
Q

how much ATP is produced from the aerobic metabolism of a single molecule of glucose

A

32 ATP

41
Q

how much ATP is produced from the aerobic metabolism of a single molecule of glycogen

A

33 ATP

42
Q

what branch of the nervous system innervates skeletal muscle

A

somatic

43
Q

motor cortex

A

voluntary muscle contraction to plan and execute muscle movements

44
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

increase HR

45
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

decrease HR

46
Q

what is RER

A

the respiratory exchange ratio, estimates exchanged gases

RER = VCO2 / VO2

47
Q

RER value for fat

A

0.7

48
Q

RER value for carbs

A

1.0

49
Q

absolute value for RER

A

L/min

50
Q

the relative value for RER

A

mL/kg/min

51
Q

what does the O2 deficit indicate

A

O2 demand higher than O2 consumption

ATP produced anaerobically

52
Q

what does EPOC indicate

A 
O2 consumed greater than O2 demand
ATP demand is low
increase intensity = increase EPOC
convert lactate to glycogen
restore any low O2 stores in hemoglobin and myoglobin
53
Q

lactate threshold

A

the point at which blood lactate is accumulated
interaction of aerobic and anaerobic systems
disproportion of blood lactate

54
Q

exercise intensities below lactate threshold fueled by

A

aerobic metabolism

55
Q

exercise intensities above lactate threshold fueled by

A

anaerobic metabolism

56
Q

what causes DOMS

A

eccentric contractions
microtears within the sarcolemma which causes an inflammatory response
muscle damage stimulates hypertrophy

57
Q

byproducts associated with fatigue

A

H+ and Pi

58
Q

four major causes of fatigue

A

1) PCr and glycogen depletion
2) accumulation of byproducts (lactate, H+, Pi)
3) failure of contractile mechanisms of muscle fibers
4) altered neural control of muscle contraction

59
Q

what molecule inhibits actin/myosin-binding at rest

A

tropomyosin

60
Q

motor unit

A

beta motor unit and all the muscle fibers it innervates

61
Q

muscle fiber type best at producing ATP aerobically

A

type I (SO)

62
Q

two general mechanisms the nervous system used for force generation

A

motor unit recruitment and stimulation frequency

63
Q

primary macronutrient to fuel high-intensity exercise

A

carbohydrates

64
Q

primary macronutrient to fuel long-duration exercise

A

fat

65
Q

the end product of anaerobic glycolysis

A

lactate

66
Q

the end product of aerobic glycolysis

A

pyruvate

67
Q

number of pyruvates produced from 1 molecule of glucose

A

2

68
Q

the metabolic pathway that converts FFAs into acetyl-CoA

A

beta-oxidation

69
Q

the metabolic pathway that starts with acetyl-CoA

A

Krebs cycle

70
Q

the liver can convert lactate back into what and release it back into the bloodstream

A

glucose

71
Q

how many molecules of acetyl-CoA can be produced from an FFA with 14 carbons

A

7

72
Q

amount of substrate energy in metabolism that is lost as heat

A

60%

73
Q

the single best measurement of aerobic fitness

A

VO2 max

74
Q

two locations of glycogen storage

A

liver and skeletal muscle

75
Q

the total amount of glycogen storage

A

600g

76
Q

all steps of an action potential

A

1) neurons fire within the motor cortex initiating skeletal muscle contraction
2) AP from the motor cortex stimulate alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord
3) AP within alpha motor neuron depolarizes the synaptic terminal
4) Ca+2 enters the synaptic terminal
5) ACh binds receptors on the motor endplate
6) depolarization of the sarcolemma
7) depolarization of t-tubule
8) Ca+2 releases by SR
9) Ca+2 binds troponin
10) conformational change in tropomyosin exposes binding sites on actin
11) myosin cross-bridges bind the actin molecule
12) ADP +Pi release from the cross-bridge
13) Powerstroke of the myosin cross-bridge
14) fresh ATP molecule binds the myosin cross-bridge
15) myosin cross-bridge releases from the actin molecule

KNPE 452 (5 decks)

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